Pope’s Family History Offers a Glimpse Into the American Creole Journey - The New York Times
{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsArticle","@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/us/creole-identity-history-pope-new-orleans.html","description":"The revelation that Leo XIV has roots among New Orleans Creoles has stirred curiosity and joy about the first pope from the United States.","image":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/05/10/multimedia/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg","height":901,"width":1600,"contentUrl":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/05/10/multimedia/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg","caption":"Mark Charles Roudané’s great-great-grandfather was a prominent Black physician in New Orleans.","creditText":"Jenn Ackerman for The New York Times"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/05/10/multimedia/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-googleFourByThree.jpg","height":600,"width":800,"contentUrl":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/05/10/multimedia/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-googleFourByThree.jpg","caption":"Mark Charles Roudané’s great-great-grandfather was a prominent Black physician in New Orleans.","creditText":"Jenn Ackerman for The New York Times"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/05/10/multimedia/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-mediumSquareAt3X.jpg","height":1801,"width":1800,"contentUrl":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/2025/05/10/multimedia/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm/nat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-mediumSquareAt3X.jpg","caption":"Mark Charles Roudané’s great-great-grandfather was a prominent Black physician in New Orleans.","creditText":"Jenn Ackerman for The New York Times"}],"mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/us/creole-identity-history-pope-new-orleans.html","url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/11/us/creole-identity-history-pope-new-orleans.html","inLanguage":"en","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","url":"https://www.nytimes.com/by/campbell-robertson","name":"Campbell Robertson"}],"dateModified":"2025-05-11T17:10:44.622Z","datePublished":"2025-05-11T16:23:45.000Z","headline":"Pope’s Family History Offers a Glimpse Into the American Creole Journey","publisher":{"@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/#publisher","name":"The New York Times"},"hasPart":{"@type":"WebPageElement","isAccessibleForFree":false,"cssSelector":".meteredContent"},"isPartOf":{"@type":["CreativeWork","Product"],"name":"The New York Times","productID":"nytimes.com:basic"},"copyrightHolder":{"@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/#publisher","name":"The New York Times"},"sourceOrganization":{"@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/#publisher","name":"The New York Times"},"copyrightYear":2025,"isAccessibleForFree":false,"articleSection":"U.S.","keywords":["Black People","Popes","Race and Ethnicity","Leo XIV","Shaik, Fatima","Herriman, George (1880-1944)","Louisiana","New Orleans (La)"]}{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"NewsMediaOrganization","name":"The New York Times","logo":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/t_logo_291_black.png","height":291,"width":291,"contentUrl":"https://static01.nyt.com/images/icons/t_logo_291_black.png","creditText":"The New York Times"},"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/","@id":"https://www.nytimes.com/#publisher","publishingPrinciples":"https://www.nytimes.com/editorial-standards/ethical-journalism.html","diversityPolicy":"https://www.nytco.com/company/diversity-and-inclusion/","ethicsPolicy":"https://www.nytco.com/company/standards-ethics/","masthead":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/01/28/admin/the-new-york-times-masthead.html","foundingDate":"1851-09-18","sameAs":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"}
(function $t(e){if(new URL(window.location).searchParams.get("sentryOverride")||Math.floor(100*Math.random()) a,.css-68l2z5 > button{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-68l2z5 > a:focus,.css-68l2z5 > button:focus{display:inline-block;outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}@supports selector(:focus-visible){.css-68l2z5 > a:focus,.css-68l2z5 > button:focus{box-shadow:none;}.css-68l2z5 > a:focus-visible,.css-68l2z5 > button:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}}.css-68l2z5 > a:focus{border-radius:100%;}@media (max-width:424px){.css-68l2z5{margin-right:6px;}}.css-68l2z5:last-of-type{margin-right:0;}.css-1nurhyi{height:auto;width:auto;border-radius:100%;background-color:transparent;}.css-yywogo{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-yywogo:visited{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-777zgl{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;-webkit-clip:rect(0 0 0 0);clip:rect(0 0 0 0);overflow:hidden;text-align:center;}.css-777zgl:focus-visible{background-color:#fff;border-radius:3px;height:auto;width:auto;-webkit-clip:auto;clip:auto;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.6875rem;font-weight:700;left:50%;padding:8px 8px 6px;-webkit-transform:translateX(-50%);-ms-transform:translateX(-50%);transform:translateX(-50%);top:5px;}.css-rfqw0c{text-align:center;height:100%;display:block;}.css-twqvxd{color:#cccccc;display:none;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.5625rem;font-weight:300;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.05rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.05rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.05rem;letter-spacing:0.05rem;line-height:0.5625rem;margin-left:auto;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-twqvxd{display:inline-block;}}.css-twqvxd p{margin-bottom:auto;margin-right:7px;margin-top:auto;text-transform:none;}.css-1ev7j75{color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.625rem;font-weight:500;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.05rem;-moz-letter-spacing:0.05rem;-ms-letter-spacing:0.05rem;letter-spacing:0.05rem;line-height:0.625rem;margin-bottom:9px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}.css-epvm6{white-space:nowrap;}.css-nwd8t8{width:100%;background-color:var(--color-background-tertiary,#EBEBEB);}.sizeSmall .css-1xb94ky{width:50%;}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeSmall .css-1xb94ky{width:300px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.sizeSmall .css-1xb94ky{width:300px;}}@media (max-width:600px){.sizeSmall .css-1xb94ky{width:50%;}}.sizeSmall.sizeSmallNoCaption .css-1xb94ky{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutVertical .css-1xb94ky{max-width:250px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.sizeSmall.layoutVertical .css-1xb94ky{width:250px;}}@media (max-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutVertical .css-1xb94ky{max-width:250px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutHorizontal .css-1xb94ky{max-width:300px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.sizeSmall.layoutHorizontal .css-1xb94ky{width:300px;}}@media (max-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutHorizontal .css-1xb94ky{max-width:300px;}}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-1xb94ky{width:420px;}}.css-uwwqev{width:100%;height:100%;}.css-121kum4{width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}.css-171quhb{background:linear-gradient(180deg,hsla(0,0%,100%,0),#ffffff);position:relative;height:110px;margin-top:-126px;width:100%;}.css-asuuk5{height:170px;}.css-7axq9l{display:grid;grid-row-gap:24px;justify-items:center;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;padding:32px 0 40px 0;}.css-6yo1no{display:grid;grid-row-gap:8px;text-align:center;}.css-z5ryv4{color:#121212;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-p6m5rf{margin:1.25rem 0 0;}.css-1q4bl9o{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:48%;-ms-flex:48%;flex:48%;}@media (max-width:424px){.css-1q4bl9o{margin-left:-9px;}}.css-1von7hd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex:48%;-ms-flex:48%;flex:48%;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;-webkit-align-items:flex-start;-webkit-box-align:flex-start;-ms-flex-align:flex-start;align-items:flex-start;}.css-b8gc4a{color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;width:100%;}.css-1xny6fl{background:none;margin-right:10px;width:32px;height:32px;}@media (hover:hover){.css-1xny6fl:hover{background-color:var(--color-background-tertiary,#EBEBEB);border-radius:32px;}.css-1xny6fl:focus-visible{background-color:var(--color-background-tertiary,#EBEBEB);border-radius:32px;}}.css-3pg3bk{width:32px;height:32px;}.css-3pg3bk:focus{border-radius:32px;}.css-1wy7vlv{fill:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);}.css-uepebd{width:100%;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:nowrap;-ms-flex-wrap:nowrap;flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:10px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.75rem;font-weight:500;}.css-14h5vr8{margin-left:5px;font-weight:300;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}.css-14h5vr8 a{color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);}.css-14h5vr8:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-1r7ky0e .e6idgb70 + .e1h9rw200{margin-top:0;}.css-1r7ky0e .eoo0vm40 + .e1gnsphs0{margin-top:-0.3em;}.css-1r7ky0e .e6idgb70 + .eoo0vm40{margin-top:0;}.css-1r7ky0e .eoo0vm40 + figure{margin-top:1.2rem;}.css-1r7ky0e .e1gnsphs0 + figure{margin-top:1.2rem;}.css-ew4tgv{display:none;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-ew4tgv{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-right:0;margin-left:auto;width:130px;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-ew4tgv{width:210px;}}@media print{.css-ew4tgv{display:none;}}.css-s99gbd{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;margin-bottom:1rem;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-s99gbd{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;height:100%;width:945px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-s99gbd{width:1110px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:1280px){.css-s99gbd{width:1170px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.css-s99gbd{width:1200px;}}@media print{.css-s99gbd{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media print{.css-s99gbd{margin-bottom:1em;display:block;}}.css-53u6y8{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-53u6y8{margin-left:calc((100% - 600px) / 2);margin-right:0;width:600px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.css-53u6y8{max-width:600px;width:600px;margin-left:calc((100% - 600px) / 2);}}@media print{.css-53u6y8{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-1ly73wi{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;margin:-1px;padding:0;border:0;-webkit-clip:rect(0 0 0 0);clip:rect(0 0 0 0);overflow:hidden;}.css-1d02gzt{opacity:1;visibility:visible;-webkit-animation-name:animation-5j8bii;animation-name:animation-5j8bii;-webkit-animation-duration:300ms;animation-duration:300ms;-webkit-animation-delay:0ms;animation-delay:0ms;-webkit-animation-timing-function:ease-out;animation-timing-function:ease-out;}@media print{.css-1d02gzt{display:none;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1d02gzt{position:fixed;width:100%;top:0;left:0;z-index:200;background-color:#ffffff;border-bottom:none;-webkit-transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.2s ease-in-out;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1bymuyk{position:relative;border-bottom:1px solid #e2e2e2;}}.css-10xu8a0{background:#ffffff;border-bottom:1px solid #e2e2e2;height:36px;padding:8px 15px 3px;position:relative;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-10xu8a0{background:#ffffff;padding:8px 15px 3px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-10xu8a0{background:transparent;border-bottom:0;padding:4px 15px 2px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-10xu8a0{margin:0 auto;max-width:1605px;}}.css-1ch6mhx{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-around;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:space-around;justify-content:space-around;left:10px;position:absolute;}@media print{.css-1ch6mhx{display:none;}}.css-10698na{text-align:center;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-10698na{padding-top:0;}}@media print{.css-10698na a[href]::after{content:'';}.css-10698na svg{fill:black;}}.css-ijmohz{display:block;width:189px;height:26px;margin:5px auto 0;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-ijmohz{width:189px;height:26px;margin:5px auto 0;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-ijmohz{width:195px;height:26px;margin:6px auto 0;}}.css-1npft71{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-box-pack:space-around;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:space-around;justify-content:space-around;position:absolute;right:10px;top:8px;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1npft71{top:4px;}}@media print{.css-1npft71{display:none;}}.css-c5j6tx{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:11px;-webkit-box-pack:space-around;-webkit-justify-content:space-around;-ms-flex-pack:space-around;justify-content:space-around;padding:13px 20px 12px;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-c5j6tx{position:relative;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-c5j6tx{-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;border:none;padding:0;height:0;-webkit-transform:translateY(48px);-ms-transform:translateY(48px);transform:translateY(48px);-webkit-align-items:flex-end;-webkit-box-align:flex-end;-ms-flex-align:flex-end;align-items:flex-end;}}@media print{.css-c5j6tx{display:none;}}.css-vfkorq{color:#121212;font-size:0.6875rem;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;display:none;width:auto;font-weight:700;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-vfkorq{text-align:center;width:100%;font-weight:700;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-vfkorq{font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.25rem;width:auto;margin-bottom:4px;font-weight:400;}}.css-1bvtpon{display:none;}.css-wqhysl{top:0;position:-webkit-sticky;position:sticky;background-color:var(--color-background-elevated,#FFFFFF);z-index:902;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-wqhysl{margin-top:3px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-wqhysl:empty{margin-top:0;}}@media print{.css-wqhysl{display:none;}}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button{background:var(--color-background-primary,#FFFFFF);border:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);box-shadow:none;}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button svg > path{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:hover{border:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);background:var(--color-background-tertiary,#EBEBEB);color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:hover svg > path{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:hover svg > g{stroke:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:active,.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-expanded='true']{border:1px solid var(--color-stroke-tertiary,#C7C7C7);background:rgba(235,235,235,0.6);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:active svg > path,.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-expanded='true'] svg > path{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:active svg > g,.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-expanded='true'] svg > g{stroke:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true'] .saved-fill{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true'] .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true']:hover .saved-fill{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true']:hover .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true']:active .saved-fill{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='true']:active .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='false'] .saved-fill{fill:none;}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='false'] .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='false']:hover .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button[aria-checked='false']:active .saved-stroke{fill:var(--color-stroke-primary,#121212);}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:focus{box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);outline:3px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;}@supports selector(:focus-visible){.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:focus{box-shadow:none;}.css-yomkvi .actionbar-button:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);outline:3px solid transparent;outline-offset:2px;}}.css-atthsv{color:#999999;display:inline;margin-right:12px;width:100%;position:relative;}.css-atthsv > a,.css-atthsv > button{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-atthsv > a:focus,.css-atthsv > button:focus{display:inline-block;outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}@supports selector(:focus-visible){.css-atthsv > a:focus,.css-atthsv > button:focus{box-shadow:none;}.css-atthsv > a:focus-visible,.css-atthsv > button:focus-visible{box-shadow:0 0 2px 1px rgb(0 95 204);}}.css-atthsv > a:focus{border-radius:100%;}@media (max-width:424px){.css-atthsv{margin-right:6px;}}.css-atthsv:last-of-type{margin-right:0;}.css-zd9juy{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;width:20px;border-radius:100%;padding:6px;overflow:initial;vertical-align:middle;height:20px;}.css-zd9juy path{fill:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);}.css-10d8k1f{direction:ltr;display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;border-radius:30px;padding:6px 10px 6px;font-size:0.75rem;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;line-height:0.9375rem;text-align:right;font-weight:500;}.css-10d8k1f:hover .gift-count{background-color:#fafafa;}@media (max-width:600px){.css-10d8k1f{padding:6px 7px 5px;}}.css-10d8k1f svg{margin-right:5px;vertical-align:-6px;height:20px;}.css-eap6fy{height:18px;width:18px;padding:7px;overflow:visible;vertical-align:middle;cursor:not-allowed;}.css-eap6fy g{stroke-width:0.1px;}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-eap6fy:hover g,.css-eap6fy:focus g{stroke:var(--color-stroke-secondary,#8B8B8B);opacity:1;}}.css-1y7abph{position:relative;margin:0 auto;--tpl-color-content-primary:hsla(0,0%,7.06%,1);--tpl-color-content-primaryDim:hsla(0,0%,21.18%,1);--tpl-color-content-secondary:hsla(0,0%,35.3%,1);--tpl-color-content-secondaryDim:hsla(0,0%,44.71%,1);--tpl-color-content-accent:hsla(213.44,55.75%,46.08%,1);--tpl-color-content-accentDim:hsla(205.9,48.72%,38.24%,1);--tpl-color-content-positive:hsla(126.98,53.09%,31.77%,1);--tpl-color-content-negative:hsla(354.29,98.83%,33.34%,1);--tpl-color-content-breaking:hsla(352.72,98.1%,41.18%,1);--tpl-color-content-placeholder:hsla(0,0%,54.51%,1);--tpl-color-stroke-primary:hsla(0,0%,7.06%,1);--tpl-color-stroke-secondary:hsla(0,0%,59.22%,1);--tpl-color-stroke-tertiary:hsla(0,0%,87.46%,1);--tpl-color-background-primary:hsla(0,0%,100%,1);--tpl-color-background-secondary:hsla(0,0%,97.26%,1);--tpl-color-background-tertiary:hsla(0,0%,92.16%,1);--tpl-color-background-highlight:hsla(54.67,95.75%,90.79%,1);--tpl-color-background-scrim:hsla(0,0%,7%,0.6);--serif:georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;--sans-serif:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;--cheltenham:"nyt-cheltenham",var(--serif);--franklin:"nyt-franklin",var(--sans-serif);--imperial:"nyt-imperial",var(--serif);--karnak:"nyt-karnak",var(--serif);--cheltenham-condensed:"nyt-cheltenham-cond",var(--serif);--cheltenham-text-condensed:"nyt-cheltenham-text-cond",var(--serif);}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1y7abph{margin:0 auto 20px;}}@media (forced-colors:none){.css-1y7abph *{outline:0.125rem solid var(--tpl-color-content-accent,#346EB7);outline-offset:0.125rem;outline-color:transparent;}}.css-1y7abph *:focus{outline:0.125rem solid var(--tpl-color-content-accent,#346EB7);outline-offset:0.125rem;}.css-1y7abph *:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0.125rem solid transparent;}.css-1y7abph *:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem solid var(--tpl-color-content-accent,#346EB7);outline-offset:0.125rem;}.css-1y7abph .relatedcoverage + .recirculation{margin-top:20px;}.css-1y7abph .wrap + .recirculation{margin-top:20px;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1y7abph{padding-top:40px;}}.css-njaf7f{display:none;position:relative;min-height:280px;}@media (min-width:765px){.css-njaf7f{background-color:var(--color-background-secondary,#F8F8F8);border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);display:block;padding-bottom:15px;padding-top:15px;margin:0;}}@media print{.css-njaf7f{display:none;}}.css-rq4mmj{height:auto;width:100%;width:100%;vertical-align:top;}.css-rq4mmj img{width:100%;vertical-align:top;}.css-ktho12{color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);font-family:nyt-imperial,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;margin:10px 20px 0;text-align:left;}.css-ktho12 a{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-ktho12 a:hover,.css-ktho12 a:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-ktho12{margin-left:0;}}.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:column;-ms-flex-direction:column;flex-direction:column;width:calc(50% - 15px);margin:auto 0 15px 15px;}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{width:260px;margin-left:15px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{margin-left:15px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{width:330px;margin-left:15px;}}@media (max-width:600px){.sizeSmall .css-ktho12{margin:auto 0 0 15px;}}.sizeSmall.sizeSmallNoCaption .css-ktho12{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin-top:10px;}.sizeMedium .css-ktho12{max-width:900px;}.sizeSmall.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-ktho12{margin:0 0 auto 16px;}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeSmall.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-ktho12{margin:auto 0 auto 16px;}}.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-ktho12{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:calc(100% - 40px);}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo .css-ktho12{width:100%;}}.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{max-width:none;}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{margin-left:20px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{margin-left:20px;max-width:900px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{margin-left:0;max-width:720px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.sizeLarge .css-ktho12{margin-left:0;max-width:900px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeLarge.layoutVertical .css-ktho12{margin-left:0;}}.sizeFull .css-ktho12{margin-left:20px;}@media (min-width:600px){.sizeFull .css-ktho12{max-width:900px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.sizeFull .css-ktho12{max-width:900px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.sizeFull .css-ktho12{max-width:900px;}}@media print{.css-ktho12{display:none;}}.css-14fe1uy{display:inline;color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;-webkit-letter-spacing:0.01em;-moz-letter-spacing:0.01em;-ms-letter-spacing:0.01em;letter-spacing:0.01em;font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-14fe1uy{font-size:0.75rem;line-height:1rem;}}@media (min-width:1150px){.css-14fe1uy{font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.0625rem;}}.css-at9mc1{margin-bottom:0.78125rem;margin-top:0;overflow-wrap:break-word;color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);font-family:nyt-imperial,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.5625rem;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-at9mc1{margin-bottom:0.9375rem;margin-top:0;}}.css-at9mc1 .css-yywogo{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-style:solid;text-decoration-style:solid;-webkit-text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);text-decoration-color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-at9mc1 .css-yywogo:hover,.css-at9mc1 .css-yywogo:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-at9mc1{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.875rem;}}.css-at9mc1:first-child{margin-top:0;}.css-at9mc1:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.css-at9mc1.e1h9rw200:last-child{margin-bottom:0.75rem;}.css-at9mc1.eoo0vm40:first-child{margin-top:0.8125rem;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-at9mc1{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-at9mc1{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}.css-at9mc1.eoo0vm40:first-child{margin-top:1.1875rem;}}@media print{.css-at9mc1{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-11iyrz3{background-color:var(--color-background-secondary,#F8F8F8);border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);border-top:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);margin:2rem auto;padding-bottom:30px;padding-top:12px;text-align:center;position:relative;margin-top:1rem;min-height:280px;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-11iyrz3{margin:3rem auto;}}@media print{.css-11iyrz3{display:none;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-11iyrz3{margin-bottom:3rem;margin-top:2rem;}}.css-1ho5u4o{list-style:none;margin:0 0 15px;padding:0;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1ho5u4o{display:inline-block;}}.css-t8x4fj{list-style:none;line-height:8px;padding:0;}.css-t8x4fj:last-child > li{margin:16px 0 0 0;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-t8x4fj{display:inline-block;}}.css-a7htku{display:inline-block;line-height:20px;padding:0 10px;}.css-a7htku:first-child{border-left:none;}.css-a7htku.desktop{display:none;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-a7htku.smartphone{display:none;}.css-a7htku.desktop{display:inline-block;}.css-a7htku.mobileOnly{display:none;}}.css-233int{display:inline-block;}.css-4anu6l{display:inline-block;margin:0;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.125rem;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:700;color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);}@media (min-width:740px){.css-4anu6l{font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.25rem;}}.css-1wr3we4{display:none;}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-1wr3we4{display:block;position:absolute;left:105px;line-height:19px;top:10px;}}.css-1c72mta{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:flex-end;-webkit-box-align:flex-end;-ms-flex-align:flex-end;align-items:flex-end;margin-top:0.25rem;-webkit-box-pack:justify;-webkit-justify-content:space-between;-ms-flex-pack:justify;justify-content:space-between;margin-bottom:0.125rem;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-1c72mta{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-1c72mta{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-1c72mta{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-1c72mta{margin-bottom:0.125rem;}}.css-hme5ai{-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:1.25rem;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-hme5ai{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-hme5ai{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-hme5ai{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-hme5ai .e6idgb70{margin-bottom:0;}@media print{.css-hme5ai .e6idgb70{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-hme5ai:empty{display:none;}.css-79rysd{font-style:normal;font-stretch:normal;margin-bottom:1.25rem;color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);font-family:nyt-cheltenham,cheltenham-fallback-georgia,cheltenham-fallback-noto,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;font-weight:300;font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5625rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-79rysd{font-size:1.4375rem;line-height:1.875rem;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-79rysd{margin-bottom:1.875rem;}}.css-nlqgyf{margin:1.25rem auto 1.5rem;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:32px;}.css-nlqgyf strong{font-weight:700;}.css-nlqgyf em{font-style:italic;}.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall{width:calc(100% - 40px);display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall{max-width:600px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall{width:100%;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall{max-width:600px;}}.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall.sizeSmallNoCaption{display:block;}@media print{.css-nlqgyf.sizeSmall.sizeSmallNoCaption{display:none;}}.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium{width:100%;max-width:600px;margin-right:auto;margin-left:auto;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium{width:calc(100% - 40px);}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium{max-width:600px;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium.layoutVertical{width:420px;}}.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo{width:100%;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeMedium.layoutVertical.verticalVideo{width:420px;}}.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge{width:100%;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge{width:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge.layoutVertical{width:600px;}.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge.layoutVertical.verticalVideo{width:600px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge{width:945px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge{width:1200px;}.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge.layoutVertical{width:720px;}.css-nlqgyf.sizeLarge.layoutVertical.verticalVideo{width:600px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-nlqgyf{margin:2.5rem auto;}}@media print{.css-nlqgyf{display:none;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-nlqgyf{margin-top:25px;}}.css-jevhma{margin-right:7px;color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);font-family:nyt-imperial,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:1.125rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-jevhma{font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:1.25rem;}}.css-jevhma strong{font-weight:700;}.css-jevhma em{font-style:italic;}.css-jevhma a{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-jevhma a:visited{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);}.css-ojhyzr{color:inherit;-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-underline-offset:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;-webkit-text-decoration-color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);text-decoration-color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);display:inline-block;}.css-ojhyzr:hover,.css-ojhyzr:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}.css-fpbvhh{font-family:nyt-imperial,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;color:var(--color-content-quaternary,#727272);margin:10px 20px 0 20px;text-align:left;}.css-fpbvhh a{color:var(--color-signal-editorial,#326891);-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;-webkit-text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:1px;}.css-fpbvhh a:hover,.css-fpbvhh a:focus{-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-fpbvhh{margin-left:0;margin-right:20px;}}.css-7v35jk{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;-webkit-box-pack:left;-webkit-justify-content:left;-ms-flex-pack:left;justify-content:left;background:var(--color-background-elevated,#FFFFFF);border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);min-height:55px;position:relative;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-7v35jk{-webkit-box-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;justify-content:center;}}@media print{.css-7v35jk{display:none;}}.css-7v35jk::after{content:'';position:absolute;top:0;left:0;height:100%;width:100%;z-index:-1;box-shadow:0 0 transparent,0 0 transparent,1px 3px 6px #00000026;opacity:0;-webkit-transition:opacity 200ms ease-out;transition:opacity 200ms ease-out;}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){.NYTApp .css-7v35jk::after{box-shadow:none;}}.css-fi5tub{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;font-size:0.8125rem;font-weight:500;color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);}@media (min-width:600px){.css-fi5tub{font-size:0.875rem;}}.css-18oy0y6{margin-bottom:1.25rem;margin-top:1.5625rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-18oy0y6{margin-top:3.75rem;}}.css-18oy0y6 .e6idgb70{color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);font-weight:700;line-height:0.75rem;}@media print{.css-18oy0y6 .e6idgb70{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-18oy0y6 .e1h9rw200{margin-bottom:0.5rem;text-wrap:balance;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;margin-top:0;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-18oy0y6 .e1h9rw200{-webkit-text-wrap:auto;text-wrap:auto;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-18oy0y6 .e1h9rw200{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-18oy0y6 .e1h9rw200{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-18oy0y6 .e1h9rw200{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-18oy0y6 .e1h9rw200{max-width:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;position:relative;width:600px;}@media print{.css-18oy0y6 .e1h9rw200{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}}.css-18oy0y6 .e1wiw3jv0{color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-18oy0y6 .e1wiw3jv0{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-18oy0y6 .e1wiw3jv0{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-18oy0y6 .e1wiw3jv0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media print{.css-18oy0y6 .e1wiw3jv0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-18oy0y6 .e16638kd0{display:inline-block;width:auto;margin-left:0;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}.css-18oy0y6 .eatfx1z0{margin-right:15px;font-weight:700;font-size:14px;line-height:1;}.css-18oy0y6 .section-kicker .opinion-bar{font-size:25px;}.css-18oy0y6 .css-p6m5rf{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-18oy0y6 .css-p6m5rf{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-18oy0y6 .css-p6m5rf{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-18oy0y6 .css-p6m5rf{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-18oy0y6 .e1g7ppur0{margin-bottom:30px;margin-top:20px;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-18oy0y6 .e1g7ppur0{margin-top:25px;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-18oy0y6 .e1g7ppur0{margin-bottom:43px;}}.css-18oy0y6 .css-1arl30t{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-18oy0y6 .css-1arl30t{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-18oy0y6 .css-1arl30t{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-18oy0y6 .css-1arl30t{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media print{.css-18oy0y6 .css-1arl30t{display:none;}}.css-18oy0y6 .eakwutd0{margin-bottom:20px;color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);}@media print{.css-18oy0y6 .eakwutd0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}.css-88wicj{color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);font-family:nyt-cheltenham,cheltenham-fallback-georgia,cheltenham-fallback-noto,georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;font-weight:700;font-style:italic;font-size:1.9375rem;line-height:2.25rem;text-align:left;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-88wicj{font-size:2.5rem;line-height:2.875rem;}}.css-1u5onbp{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;width:100%;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;margin-bottom:0.25rem;margin-bottom:0.75rem;}.css-1u5onbp > img,.css-1u5onbp a > img,.css-1u5onbp div > img{margin-right:10px;}.css-165eim7{min-width:60px;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:auto;}.css-dc6zx6{width:50px;margin-right:10px;vertical-align:bottom;border-radius:50%;}.css-gqryk5{margin-bottom:0.25rem;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;}.css-gqryk5:empty{display:none;}.css-kbghgg{--tpl-color-content-primary:hsla(0,0%,7.06%,1);--tpl-color-content-primaryDim:hsla(0,0%,21.18%,1);--tpl-color-content-secondary:hsla(0,0%,35.3%,1);--tpl-color-content-secondaryDim:hsla(0,0%,44.71%,1);--tpl-color-content-accent:hsla(213.44,55.75%,46.08%,1);--tpl-color-content-accentDim:hsla(205.9,48.72%,38.24%,1);--tpl-color-content-positive:hsla(126.98,53.09%,31.77%,1);--tpl-color-content-negative:hsla(354.29,98.83%,33.34%,1);--tpl-color-content-breaking:hsla(352.72,98.1%,41.18%,1);--tpl-color-content-placeholder:hsla(0,0%,54.51%,1);--tpl-color-stroke-primary:hsla(0,0%,7.06%,1);--tpl-color-stroke-secondary:hsla(0,0%,59.22%,1);--tpl-color-stroke-tertiary:hsla(0,0%,87.46%,1);--tpl-color-background-primary:hsla(0,0%,100%,1);--tpl-color-background-secondary:hsla(0,0%,97.26%,1);--tpl-color-background-tertiary:hsla(0,0%,92.16%,1);--tpl-color-background-highlight:hsla(54.67,95.75%,90.79%,1);--tpl-color-background-scrim:hsla(0,0%,7%,0.6);--serif:georgia,'times new roman',times,serif;--sans-serif:helvetica,arial,sans-serif;--cheltenham:"nyt-cheltenham",var(--serif);--franklin:"nyt-franklin",var(--sans-serif);--imperial:"nyt-imperial",var(--serif);--karnak:"nyt-karnak",var(--serif);--cheltenham-condensed:"nyt-cheltenham-cond",var(--serif);--cheltenham-text-condensed:"nyt-cheltenham-text-cond",var(--serif);}@media (forced-colors:none){.css-kbghgg *{outline:0.125rem solid var(--tpl-color-content-accent,#346EB7);outline-offset:0.125rem;outline-color:transparent;}}.css-kbghgg *:focus{outline:0.125rem solid var(--tpl-color-content-accent,#346EB7);outline-offset:0.125rem;}.css-kbghgg *:focus:not(:focus-visible){outline:0.125rem solid transparent;}.css-kbghgg *:focus-visible{outline:0.125rem solid var(--tpl-color-content-accent,#346EB7);outline-offset:0.125rem;}.css-1g71tqy{-webkit-animation:fadeIn 2s ease;animation:fadeIn 2s ease;overflow:hidden;display:grid;grid-row-gap:24px;justify-items:center;margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;padding:32px 0 40px 0;}@-webkit-keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0;}50%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}@keyframes fadeIn{0%{opacity:0;}50%{opacity:0;}100%{opacity:1;}}.css-1b5b8u1{display:block;}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){[data-dark-mode] .css-1b5b8u1 .icon-light{visibility:hidden;}}.css-1b5b8u1 .icon-dark{visibility:hidden;}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){[data-dark-mode] .css-1b5b8u1 .icon-dark{visibility:visible;}}.css-3kpklk{margin:0;color:var(--tpl-color-content-secondaryDim,#727272);font:500 1rem/1.3 nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;}.css-153p30m{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:0.875rem;line-height:0.875rem;font-weight:700;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;width:auto;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-right:16px;padding-right:15px;color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);background-color:var(--color-background-elevated,#FFFFFF);box-shadow:4px 0 7px 10px var(--color-background-elevated,#FFFFFF);border-right:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);color:var(--color-content-primary,#121212);}@media (min-width:600px){.css-153p30m{font-size:0.9375rem;line-height:0.9375rem;}}.css-153p30m svg#olympics2024brand{-webkit-transform:translateY(-2px);-ms-transform:translateY(-2px);transform:translateY(-2px);}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){.NYTApp .css-153p30m svg#olympics2024brand path.paris{fill:#ffffff;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-153p30m svg#olympics2024brand{-webkit-transform:translateY(1px);-ms-transform:translateY(1px);transform:translateY(1px);}}.css-hzk0yq{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;-webkit-flex:54%;-ms-flex:54%;flex:54%;margin-left:0;margin-top:20px;width:100%;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-hzk0yq{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-hzk0yq{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-hzk0yq{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-hzk0yq{margin-left:0;margin-top:0;}}.css-qznc1j{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;width:calc(100% - 40px);max-width:600px;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-qznc1j{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-qznc1j{width:600px;}}@media print{.css-qznc1j{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;width:100%;max-width:100%;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-qznc1j{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;margin-bottom:25px;padding-bottom:20px;gap:2%;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);}@media (min-width:600px){.css-qznc1j{border-top:1px solid var(--color-stroke-quaternary,#DFDFDF);padding-top:20px;padding-bottom:0;border-bottom:none;}}}.css-k0ztdq{color:#999999;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-shrink:0;-ms-flex-negative:0;flex-shrink:0;font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:17px;margin-bottom:5px;}@media print{.css-k0ztdq{display:none;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-k0ztdq{border-top:1px solid #ebebeb;padding-top:20px;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-k0ztdq{padding-top:0;border-top:none;margin-top:0;border-bottom:none;padding-bottom:0;margin-bottom:0;-webkit-box-pack:end;-webkit-justify-content:flex-end;-ms-flex-pack:end;justify-content:flex-end;}.css-k0ztdq li{margin-right:6px;}}.css-1ubbotv{font-family:nyt-franklin,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-weight:500;color:var(--color-content-secondary,#363636);margin-bottom:1rem;font-size:0.8125rem;line-height:1.125rem;margin-bottom:0;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-shrink:1;-ms-flex-negative:1;flex-shrink:1;}.css-1sbuyqj{display:inline-block;padding-right:1em;}.css-otx7pe{display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;max-width:1200px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;margin:1.25rem auto 1.5rem;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-otx7pe{-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;}}.css-otx7pe > *{width:50%;}.css-otx7pe > *:first-child{margin-bottom:0;margin-right:15px;}@media (min-width:740px){.css-otx7pe > *{width:50%;}.css-otx7pe > *:first-child{margin-bottom:0;margin-right:15px;}}.css-otx7pe > *:last-child .ewdxa0s0{margin-left:0;}@media (min-width:600px){.css-otx7pe > * .ewdxa0s0{margin-left:20px;margin-right:20px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-otx7pe > *:last-child .ewdxa0s0{margin-left:0;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-otx7pe > * .ewdxa0s0{margin-left:0;margin-right:0;}}@media (min-width:600px){.css-otx7pe{width:auto;}}@media (min-width:1024px){.css-otx7pe{width:945px;}}@media (min-width:1440px){.css-otx7pe{width:1200px;}}@media (min-width:740px){.css-otx7pe{margin:2.5rem auto;}}
(function(e,n){function t(){var e,t,i,s=null===(e=n.vi)||void 0===e||null===(t=e.webviewEnvironment)||void 0===t?void 0:t.isPreloaded;r()||(s&&"function"==typeof(null===(i=n.NativeBridge)||void 0===i?void 0:i.getAllCookies)?n.NativeBridge.getAllCookies().then((function(e){var t=e.values.cookies,i=a(t,"nyt-purr="),o=a(t,"override-purr=");void 0!==n.config&&!r()&&("s"===o||"s"===i)&&l()})).catch((function(e){console.log(e)})):o()&&l())}var i=new URLSearchParams(n.location.search),a=function(e,n){return(e.split(";").find((function(e){return e.includes(n)}))||"").replace(n,"").trim().charAt(16)},o=function(){var e=n.document.cookie,t=i.get("fides-override"),o=a(e,"nyt-purr=");return"s"===a(e,"override-purr=")||"s"===o||"true"===t},r=function(){return null!==n.document.getElementById("nyt-fides")},l=function(){var t=document.createElement("script");t.id="nyt-fides",t.src=e,n.document.head.appendChild(t)};t(),n.addEventListener("initWebview:ios",t),n.fidesUtils={isFidesEligible:o}})('https://static01.nyt.com/vi-assets/static-assets/fides-8ff3b866ef707d7b05879c1b02bc31aa.js', window);
(function(e){function n(e){var n=e.layerType;return{event:"impression",priority:!0,module:{name:n,label:n,region:"bottom"}}}function t(n){(e.dataLayer||(e.dataLayer=[])).push(n)}function i(n){var t=e.document.getElementById("fides-banner"),i=e.document.getElementById("fides-modal"),a=e.document.getElementById("fides-embed-container"),o="true"===(null==i?void 0:i.getAttribute("aria-hidden"));if(a)return"cmp_layer_2";if(null!==n){if(!t||!i)return"";if(t.contains(n))return"cmp_layer_1";if(i.contains(n))return"cmp_layer_2"}return o?"cmp_layer_1":"cmp_layer_2"}function a(n){var t=new CustomEvent("NYTFidesUpdated",{detail:n});e.dispatchEvent(t)}var o;!0===(null===(o=e.fidesUtils)||void 0===o?void 0:o.isFidesEligible())&&(e.addEventListener("FidesUIShown",(function(e){var i,a=(null==e||null===(i=e.detail)||void 0===i?void 0:i.extraDetails).servingComponent;"tcf_banner"===(void 0===a?"":a)&&t(n({layerType:"cmp_layer_1"}))})),e.addEventListener("click",(function(e){var n=e.target,o="button"===n.type,r="a"===n.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(o||r){var l=function(e){return{"accept all":"accept_all","reject all":"reject_all","manage preferences":"manage_prefs","cookie policy":"cookie_policy","privacy policy":"privacy_policy",purposes:"purposes",features:"features",vendors:"vendors",save:"save"}[e.textContent.toLowerCase()]||""}(n),s=i(n);if(l)t(function(e){var n=e.actionType,t=void 0===n?"":n,i=e.layerType,a=void 0===i?"":i;return{event:"moduleInteraction",eventData:{trigger:"module",type:"click"},module:{name:a,label:a,element:{name:t,label:t}}}}({actionType:l,layerType:s})),a(function(e){var n=e.actionType,t=void 0===n?"":n,i=e.layerType,a=void 0===i?"":i;return{subject:"interaction",data:{name:a,label:a,element:{name:t,label:t}}}}({actionType:l,layerType:s})),e.stopPropagation()}})),e.addEventListener("beforeunload",(function(){var e=i(null);t(n({layerType:"".concat(e,"_exit")}))})))})(window);
// 37.375kB
window.viHeadScriptSize = 37.375;
window.NYTD = {};
window.vi = window.vi || {};
window.vi.pageType = { type: '', edge: 'vi-story'};
(function () { var userAgent=window.navigator.userAgent||window.navigator.vendor||window.opera||"",inNewsreaderApp=userAgent.includes("nytios")||userAgent.includes("nyt_android"),inXWordsApp=userAgent.includes("nyt_xwords_ios")||userAgent.includes("Crosswords"),inAndroid=userAgent.includes("nyt_android")||userAgent.includes("Crosswords"),iniOS=userAgent.includes("nytios")||userAgent.includes("nyt_xwords_ios"),isInWebviewByUserAgent=(inAndroid||iniOS)&&(inNewsreaderApp||inXWordsApp);function appType(){return inNewsreaderApp?"newsreader":inXWordsApp?"crosswords":""}function deviceType(){return inAndroid?"ANDROID":iniOS?"IOS":""}var _f=function(e){window.vi.webviewEnvironment={appType:appType(),deviceType:deviceType(),isInWebview:e.webviewEnvironment.isInWebview||isInWebviewByUserAgent,isPreloaded:e.webviewEnvironment.isPreloaded}};;_f.apply(null, [{"gqlUrlClient":"https://samizdat-graphql.nytimes.com/graphql/v2","gqlRequestHeaders":{"nyt-app-type":"project-vi","nyt-app-version":"0.0.5","nyt-token":"MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAs+/oUCTBmD/cLdmcecrnBMHiU/pxQCn2DDyaPKUOXxi4p0uUSZQzsuq1pJ1m5z1i0YGPd1U1OeGHAChWtqoxC7bFMCXcwnE1oyui9G1uobgpm1GdhtwkR7ta7akVTcsF8zxiXx7DNXIPd2nIJFH83rmkZueKrC4JVaNzjvD+Z03piLn5bHWU6+w+rA+kyJtGgZNTXKyPh6EC6o5N+rknNMG5+CdTq35p8f99WjFawSvYgP9V64kgckbTbtdJ6YhVP58TnuYgr12urtwnIqWP9KSJ1e5vmgf3tunMqWNm6+AnsqNj8mCLdCuc5cEB74CwUeQcP2HQQmbCddBy2y0mEwIDAQAB"},"gqlFetchTimeout":1500,"disablePersistedQueries":false,"initialDeviceType":"desktop","fastlyAbraConfig":{".ver":"25009.000","AMS_FrictionCircumventionDesktop_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","AMS_FrictionCircumventionMobile_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","DFP_MediaNet_0123":"1_MediaNet","HOME_cwv_chartbeat":"1_Headlines"},"fastlyEntitlements":[],"internalPreviewConfig":{},"webviewEnvironment":{"isInWebview":false,"isPreloaded":false},"isOptimisticallyTruncated":true,"optimisticTruncationDropzone":6,"requestPath":"/2025/05/11/us/creole-identity-history-pope-new-orleans.html","isProvisionallyLoggedIn":false,"routeName":"vi-story","serviceWorkerFile":"service-worker-test-1746827238927.js","preloadedServiceWorkerFile":"/vi-assets/static-assets/preloaded-service-worker-39ed4c8ecdf8f50602923fd886bdc936.js"}]); })();;(function () { var _f=function(i,w){window.vi=window.vi||{},window.vi.env=Object.freeze(i),window.hybrid=w};;_f.apply(null, [{"JKIDD_PATH":"https://a.nytimes.com/svc/nyt/data-layer","ET2_URL":"https://a.et.nytimes.com","ALS_URL":"https://als-svc.nytimes.com","WEDDINGS_PATH":"https://content.api.nytimes.com","GDPR_PATH":"https://us-central1-nyt-dsra-prd.cloudfunctions.net/datagov-dsr-formhandler","RECAPTCHA_SITEKEY":"6LevSGcUAAAAAF-7fVZF05VTRiXvBDAY4vBSPaTF","ABRA_ET_URL":"//et.nytimes.com","NODE_ENV":"production","EXPERIMENTAL_ROUTE_PREFIX":"","ENVIRONMENT":"prd","RELEASE":"4421fae4b77f208ebbc2958a1018073ee9689471","RELEASE_TAG":"","AUTH_HOST":"https://myaccount.nytimes.com","METER_HOST":"https://meter-svc.nytimes.com","MESSAGING_LANDING_PAGE_HOST":"https://www.nytimes.com","CAPI_HOST":"https://mwcm.nytimes.com","SWG_PUBLICATION_ID":"nytimes.com","GQL_FETCH_TIMEOUT":"1500","GOOGLE_CLIENT_ID":"1005640118348-amh5tgkq641oru4fbhr3psm3gt2tcc94.apps.googleusercontent.com","STORY_SURROGATE_CONTROL":"max-age=300, stale-if-error=259200, stale-while-revalidate=259200","ONBOARDING_API_KEY":"","PURR_ENV":"prd"},false]); })();;(function () { var _f=function(){var e=window;e.initWebview=function(e){var t=document.documentElement;if(e.OS){var i=e.OS.toUpperCase();t.classList.add(i)}if(e.BaseFontSize&&(t.dataset.baseFontSize=e.BaseFontSize),e.trackingSensitive&&(t.dataset.trackingSensitive=!0),e.hasOptedOutOfTracking&&(t.dataset.hasOptedOutOfTracking=!0),e.PurrDirectives){var a=e.PurrDirectives.PURR_AdConfiguration_v3||e.PurrDirectives.PURR_AdConfiguration_v2;a&&(t.dataset.optedOutOfAds=["adluce","adluce-socrates"].includes(a))}e.OS&&"IOS"===e.OS.toUpperCase()&&window.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("initWebview:ios",{detail:e}))};var t=e.navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase();/iphone|ipod|ipad/.test(t)||void 0===e.config||e.initWebview(e.config)};;_f.apply(null, []); })();;
(()=>{var Q=1e3,b="pageViewID",Y="getPageViewID",h="contextID",Z="getContextID",ee="NativeBridge unavailable.";async function X(e){if(!T())return Promise.reject("not in webview");try{await U();let t={};return await Promise.all([L(b,Y,e),L(h,Z,e)]).then(o=>{o.forEach(a=>{a.name==b?t[b]=a.id:t[h]=a.id})}),Promise.resolve(t)}catch(t){return Promise.reject(t)}}function T(){if(window?.vi?.webviewEnvironment!==void 0)return window.vi.webviewEnvironment.isInWebview&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment.deviceType=="IOS";if(window?.navigator?.userAgent!==void 0){for(var e=["nytios"],t=0;t{let _=a.values[e];return te(e,o),Promise.resolve({name:e,id:_})})}async function U(e=0){return window.NativeBridge?Promise.resolve():e>=Q?Promise.reject(ee):new Promise((t,o)=>{setTimeout(function(){return U(e+1).then(t).catch(o)},10)})}function z(e){return!!(Object.keys(e).length==2&&e.hasOwnProperty("gtm")&&e.hasOwnProperty("activeTime")||e.hasOwnProperty("eventData")&&Object.keys(e.eventData).length==2&&e.eventData.hasOwnProperty("gtm")&&e.eventData.hasOwnProperty("activeTime"))}function D(){var e,t,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;if(o)t=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(18));else for(t=[];t.length=24&&t.ctx_id_override.length>=24)o=t.pv_id_override,a=t.ctx_id_override;else try{console.warn("override id(s) must be >= 24 chars long")}catch{}return{pv_id:o,ctx_id:a,intra:_,store_last_response:l,force_xhr:c,use_webview_dedup_logic:g}}function $(e,t,o,a,_,c,l,g){if(!a&&(l==="beacon"||g&&o)){var f=window.navigator.sendBeacon(e,t);return _&&(last_send_response=f),f}else{var s=typeof XMLHttpRequesttypeof r[0]=="string"&&r[0]==="init");""+i.toString(),i>-1&&x(n[i])}""+E;for(let i=E;i=1?d:c},e.nyt_et.get_context_id=function(){return p.use_webview_dedup_logic&&u&&l>=1?m:_},e.nyt_et.get_host=function(){return o},e.nyt_et.is_running_in_webview=function(){return u},e.nyt_et.get_native_pageview_id=function(){return d},e.nyt_et.get_native_context_id=function(){return m},e.nyt_et.get_buffer_len=function(){f.length},e.nyt_et.get_buffer=function(){return f},e.nyt_et.call_is_running_in_webview=function(){return T()},e.nyt_et.get_last_send_response=function(){var n=P;return n&&(P=null),n},e.nyt_et.get_num_blocked_heartbeats=function(){return S},e.nyt_et.reset_blocked_heartbeat_counts=function(){S=0},u&&X(K).then(n=>{m=n[h],d=n[b],M()}).catch(console.error).finally(console.log)})(window,"v1.4.0");})();
;(function c(e){var n,t=(null===(n=e=e||("undefined"!=typeof window?window:void 0))||void 0===n?void 0:n.UnifiedTracking)||{};return t.context="web",e?(e.UnifiedTracking=t,t.sendAnalytic=function(n,t){return e.dataLayer=e.dataLayer||[],Array.isArray(e.dataLayer)&&(t.event=t.event||n,e.dataLayer.push(t)),Promise.resolve({success:!0})},t):t})(window);!function(r){var n,t;r=r||self,n=r.Abra,(t=r.Abra=function(){"use strict";var r=Array.isArray,n=function(r,n,t){var e=r(t,n),u=e[0],o=e[1];if(null==u||""===u)return n;for(var i=String(u).split("."),a=0;a0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{}).mnjs,t=new URL("https://warp.media.net/js/tags/clientag.js");return t.search=new URLSearchParams(S(S(S(S({},ee(n)),ne(n)),te(e)),ie(n))),t.toString()},ee=function(){var e=(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{}).customerId;return e?{cid:e}:{}},ne=function(){var e=(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{}).domain;return e?{dm:e}:{}},te=function(){var e=(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{}).section;return e?{ysection:encodeURIComponent(e)}:{}},ie=function(){var e=(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{}).version;return e?{version:e}:{}};var oe=function(e,n){return"nyt_".concat(e,"_").concat(n)};function re(e,n,t){var i=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{},o=i.sizeConfig,r=i.positionsToFilter,a=void 0===r?[]:r,d=Q(n),c=x[d].size?d:"default";return x[d].pos.reduce((function(n,i,r){var s;if(a.includes(i))return n;var u=window.matchMedia("(min-width: 970px)").matches?"large":window.matchMedia("(min-width: 728px)").matches?"medium":"small",l=x[d].id[r],p=S(S({},x[c].size),null==o||null===(s=o[l])||void 0===s?void 0:s.size)[u],m=V(l,t),f=S(S(S({divId:l},t&&{adUnitPath:t}),{},{sizes:p},m),e&&{invCode:oe(e,i)});return n.push(f),n}),[])}var ae=function(n){var t=e();return!!t&&(t.events.subscribe({name:R,scope:"all",callback:function(e){var i=e.id;n.forEach((function(e){var n=e.divId,o=e.targeting;n===i&&t.updateAdReq(o,n)}))}}),!0)},de=["invCode"],ce=function(e,n,t,i,o){var r=re(n,t,i,o);e.pub=e.pub||{},e.pub.getInventoryCode=function(e){var n=e.divId,t=e.adUnitPath,i=r.find((function(e){return e.divId===n&&e.adUnitPath===t}));return i&&i.invCode?i.invCode:""};var a=r.map((function(e){return e.invCode,function(e,n){if(null==e)return{};var t,i,o=function(e,n){if(null==e)return{};var t={};for(var i in e)if({}.hasOwnProperty.call(e,i)){if(n.includes(i))continue;t[i]=e[i]}return t}(e,n);if(Object.getOwnPropertySymbols){var r=Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(e);for(i=0;i0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:window;return e.mnjs=e.mnjs||{},e.mnjs.que=e.mnjs.que||[],e.mnjs}();if(!o)return console.log("Unable to load MediaNet"),!1;ce(o,e,n,t,i)}},ue=function(){e().cmd.push((function(){var n="".concat("MP"," failed to load");e().events.publish({name:g,value:{type:"MP",message:n}})}))},le=function(e,n,t,i){return!!window&&(window.mnjs=window.mnjs||{customerId:"8CU26C87G",domain:window&&window.location&&window.location.hostname,version:"1",isAdServerLoaded:!0,limitedAds:!1},!window.mnjs.loaded&&(s($(window,{section:e}),se(e,n,t,i),ue),!0))},pe=function(){try{var e=((i=document.createElement("div")).innerHTML=" ",i.className="ad adsbox pub_300x250 pub_300x250m pub_728x90 text-ad textAd text_ad ad-server",i.style="width: 1px !important; height: 1px !important; position: absolute !important; left: -10000px !important; top: -1000px !important;",document.body.prepend(i),document.getElementsByClassName("ad adsbox")[0]),n=!(!(t=e)||0!==t.offsetHeight&&0!==t.clientHeight)||function(e){if(void 0!==window.getComputedStyle){var n=window.getComputedStyle(e,null);if(n&&("none"===n.getPropertyValue("display")||"hidden"===n.getPropertyValue("visibility")))return!0}return!1}(e);return function(e){document.body.removeChild(e)}(e),n}catch(e){console.error("ad class check failed",e)}var t,i;return!1},me=function(){return!(window&&window.AdSlot&&window.AdSlot.AdSlotReady)||(!(window&&window.googletag&&window.googletag.apiReady)||pe())},fe=function(){var e=window&&window.nyt_et&&window.nyt_et.get_host&&window.nyt_et.get_host();return e?fetch("".concat(e,"/.status"),{credentials:"include",headers:{accept:"*/*","content-type":"text/plain;charset=UTF-8"},mode:"no-cors"}).then((function(){return{success:!0}})).catch((function(e){return console.error("et track blocked",e),{success:!1}})):Promise.resolve({success:!1})};var ve,we,ge=function(e,n,t){var i=function(e){if(!document||!document.cookie||!document.cookie.match)return"";var n=document.cookie.match(new RegExp("".concat(e,"=([^;]+)")));return n?n[1]:""}("nyt-a")||null,o=!!(window&&window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(max-width: 739px)").matches);return"".concat("https://a-reporting.nytimes.com/report.jpg","?mobile=").concat(o,"&block=").concat(t,"&aid=").concat(i,"&pvid=").concat(e,"&et=").concat(n)},be=function(e,n,t){return!!(window&&window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.Abra&&"1_network_detection"===window.NYTD.Abra("DFP_blockDetect_0221"))&&((new Image).src=ge(e,n,t),!0)},he=function(n,t){t&&e().cmd.push((function(){var n=e();n.events&&n.events.publish({name:y,value:{type:P}})}));var i=!1;return fe().then((function(){i=(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{success:!1}).success})).catch((function(){})).finally((function(){be(n,i,t)}))},_e=function(e){window.addEventListener("load",function(e){return function(){he(e,me())}}(e))},ye=function(){var e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(ve)return!1;var n,t,i=e.loadAmazon,o=void 0===i||i,r=e.loadPrebid,a=void 0===r||r,d=e.loadMediaNet,u=void 0!==d&&d,l=e.setFastFetch,p=void 0!==l&&l,f=e.loadGeoEdge,v=void 0===f||f,g=e.section,h=void 0===g?"none":g,_=e.adUnitPath,y=void 0===_?"":_,P=e.pageViewId,R=void 0===P?"":P,U=e.pageType,I=void 0===U?"":U,A=e.prebidOverrides,O=void 0===A?{}:A,k=e.amazonOverrides,C=void 0===k?{}:k;if(n=document.referrer||"",(t=/([a-zA-Z0-9_\-.]+)(@|%40)([a-zA-Z0-9_\-.]+).([a-zA-Z]{2,5})/).test(n)||t.test(window.location.href))return!1;if(c()){var S=new RegExp(/art/).test(I)?"art":I;v&&m(),u&&le(h,S,y,O),o&&function(e,n,t,i){!window.apstag&&(s("//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js",w,b),j(e,n,t,i))}(p,h,S,C),a&&X(h,S,y,O)}return _e(R),ve=!0,!0};return(we=e()).loadScripts=we.loadScripts||ye,window.AdSlot4=we,we}();
(function () { var _f=function(e={}){const i=window&&window.AdSlot4,t=!!window.adClientUtils.getAbraVar("DFP_Prebid_Web_Toggle_0924"),n=!!window.adClientUtils.getAbraVar("DFP_Amzn_Web_Toggle_0924"),o=!!window.adClientUtils.getAbraVar("DFP_MediaNet_Web_Toggle_0125"),a=window.adClientUtils.getAbraVar("DFP_Prebid_0624"),d=window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment||{},r=d&&"IOS"===d.deviceType&&d.isInWebview;function w(){const e=window.matchMedia("(max-width: 739px)");return e&&e.matches}try{const{adToggleMap:d,pageType:s,prebidOverrides:c,adSizesMapping:l,section:p,adUnitPath:g,isSectionThirdPartyEligible:u,setFastFetch:b,headerBidding:m={}}=e,h=function(e,i){const t=window.matchMedia("(min-width: 741px)").matches?"large":window.matchMedia("(min-width: 601px)").matches?"medium":"small";return{pageName:e,fastFetchSlots:function(e,i){return"art"!==i&&"hp"!==i?["top"]:"art"===i?"small"===e?["mobile_top"]:["top"]:"small"===e?[]:["dfp-ad-top"]}(t,e).map(e=>({id:e,sizes:i[e][t]}))}}(s,l),{isInPreloadedWebview:P,usePrebid:v,useMediaNet:_,requestPath:y}=m,A=Object.keys(d).reduce((e,i)=>{const t=d[i]||"";return e[i]=function(e){return!!(window&&window.adClientUtils&&window.adClientUtils.hasActiveToggle)&&window.adClientUtils.hasActiveToggle(e)}(t),e},{}),{amazon:S,geoedge:T}=A,f=c&&c.positionsToFilter||[],x=w()?f.concat(["top"]):f,E=["appnexus","medianet","rubicon","openx","triplelift","ix","pubmatic"];a&&window.adClientUtils.reportExposure("DFP_Prebid_0624"),"1_Criteo"===a&&E.push("criteo");const F=()=>!1,U=e=>e?!P||"/2024/06/21/travel/travel-europe-south-america-acts-of-kindness.html"===y||F():e;if("function"==typeof i.loadScripts){const e=U(S&&!n&&u);i.loadScripts({loadAmazon:e,loadPrebid:v&&u&&!t&&!r,loadMediaNet:_&&u&&!o,setFastFetch:"art"===s?b:!w()&&b,section:p,adUnitPath:g,prebidOverrides:{...c,positionsToFilter:x,activeBidders:E},amazonOverrides:h,pageType:s,pageViewId:window&&window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.PageViewId&&window.NYTD.PageViewId.current?window.NYTD.PageViewId.current:"",loadGeoEdge:T})}if(t&&window.Sentry&&window.Sentry.captureException){const e=new Error("Ads are disabled via Abra toggle - Prebid");window.Sentry.captureException(e)}if(n&&window.Sentry&&window.Sentry.captureException){const e=new Error("Ads are disabled via Abra toggle - Amazon");window.Sentry.captureException(e)}if(o&&window.Sentry&&window.Sentry.captureException){const e=new Error("Ads are disabled via Abra toggle - MediaNet");window.Sentry.captureException(e)}}catch(e){console.error(e)}};;_f.apply(null, [{"adToggleMap":{"amazon":"amazon_story_toggle","medianet":"medianet_story_toggle","dfp":"dfp_story_toggle","geoedge":"geoedge_toggle"},"pageType":"art","section":"us","adUnitPath":"/29390238/nyt/us","isSectionThirdPartyEligible":true,"setFastFetch":true,"prebidOverrides":{},"adSizesMapping":{"mobile_top":{"medium":[[300,50],[320,50]],"small":[[300,50],[320,50]]},"top":{"large":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]],"medium":[[728,90],[300,250]],"small":[[300,250]]},"dfp-ad-top":{"large":[[728,90],[970,90],[970,250]],"medium":[[728,90],[300,250]],"small":[[300,250]]}},"headerBidding":{"isInPreloadedWebview":false,"requestPath":"/2025/05/11/us/creole-identity-history-pope-new-orleans.html","useAmazon":true,"usePrebid":false,"useMediaNet":true}}]); })();
(function () { var _f=function(t={},e={},n=""){window.AdSlot4=window.AdSlot4||{},window.AdSlot4.cmd=window.AdSlot4.cmd||[],window.AdSlot4.clientRequirements={mergeObjects:function(t,...e){return e.reduce(function(t,e){return Object.entries(e).reduce(function(t,[e,n]){return t[e]&&null==n?t:Object.assign({},t,{[e]:n})},t)},t)},isFunction:function(t){return"[object Function]"===Object.prototype.toString.call(t)},getWebviewEnv:function(){return window.vi&&window.vi.webviewEnvironment||{}},getAbraVariant:function(t){if(!(window.NYTD&&window.NYTD.Abra&&window.NYTD.Abra.getAbraSync&&this.isFunction(window.NYTD.Abra.getAbraSync)))return void console.warn("Abra does not exist or is not a function");const e=window.config&&window.config.AbraConfig[t],n=window.NYTD.Abra.getAbraSync(t);return e||n&&n.variant},shouldHaltDFP:function(t){return"1_block"===this.getAbraVariant(t)},isAdsDisabled:function(t={}){const{adTargeting:{section:e}={},adsDisabled:n,adUnitPath:i=""}=t,o=i&&i.toLowerCase&&i.toLowerCase().includes("tragedy"),r=!!this.getAbraVariant("DFP_GPT_Web_Toggle_0924");if(r&&window.Sentry&&window.Sentry.captureException){const t=new Error("Ads are disabled via Abra toggle");window.Sentry.captureException(t)}return n||"learning"===e||o||r},getSov:function(t={}){return t.sov=t.sov||(Math.floor(4*Math.random())+1).toString(),{sov:t.sov}},getPageViewId:function(t){return{page_view_id:t&&t.current}},getUserData:function(t="{}"){try{const e=JSON.parse(t).data;return e&&e.user}catch(t){console.warn("userinfo data unavailable")}},getEm:function(t){return t&&t.length?{em:t.toString().toLowerCase()}:{}},getWat:function(t){return t?{wat:t.toLowerCase()}:{}},getDemographics:function(t){return this.mergeObjects(this.getEm(t&&t.emailSubscriptions),this.getWat(t&&t.wat))},isValidDfpTest:function(t){return t.toLowerCase().indexOf("dfp")>-1},joinArgumentsForVariant:function(){if(arguments.length)return[].slice.call(arguments).join("_").toLowerCase()},reduceAbraConfigKeysToDfpVariants:function(t=[],e=""){const n=this.getAbraVariant(e),i=this.joinArgumentsForVariant(e,n);return n&&i?t.concat(i):t},reduceFastlyAbraToDfpVariants:function(t=[],[e,n]=[]){const i=this.isValidDfpTest(e)&&n&&this.joinArgumentsForVariant(e,n);return i?t.concat(i):t},getDFPTestNames:function(t={}){if(!t)return[];const e=this.isValidDfpTest;return Object.keys(t).filter(function(t){return e(t)})},getAbraDfpVariants:function(t={},e={}){let n=[],i=[];if(Object.keys(e).length&&(i=Object.entries(e).reduce(this.reduceFastlyAbraToDfpVariants,[])),t.config&&t.getAbraSync){n=this.getDFPTestNames(t.config).reduce(this.reduceAbraConfigKeysToDfpVariants,[])}return{abra_dfp:[...n,...i]}},isMobile:function(t){const e=t.matchMedia("(max-width: 739px)");return e&&e.matches},isManualRefresh:function(t={}){return!(!t.navigation||1!==t.navigation.type)},getAltLangFromPathname:function(t=""){return 0===t.indexOf("/es/")?"es":""},getAdTargetingProperty:function(t=!1,e=""){let n=t?"m":"";return{prop:(n+=e)+"nyt"}},getAdTargetingPlatform:function(t=!1){return{plat:(t?"m":"")+"web"}},getAdTargetingEdition:function(t=""){return t.length?{edn:t}:{}},getAdTargetingVersion:function(t=!1){return{ver:(t?"m":"")+"vi"}},getNYTA:function(){var t=window.document.cookie.split(";").find(t=>t.includes("nyt-a"))||null;return t&&t.split("=").pop()||null},getHash53:function(t,e){let n=3735928559^e,i=1103547991^e;for(let e,o=0;o>>16,2246822507),n^=Math.imul(i^i>>>13,3266489909),i=Math.imul(i^i>>>16,2246822507),4294967296*(2097151&(i^=Math.imul(n^n>>>13,3266489909)))+(n>>>0)},getHashNYTA:function(){var t=this.getNYTA();if(!t)return;let e=this.getHash53(t,64).toString();return e.lengthe.includes(o)))[0].split("=")[1],e=atob(decodeURIComponent(e)),t=JSON.parse(e).envelope}catch(e){console.warn("Error parsing targeting from cookie.",e)}return t}();c.length>0&&function(e){window.googletag=window.googletag||{cmd:[]},googletag.cmd.push(()=>{googletag.pubads().setTargeting(n,e)})}(c)}};;_f.apply(null, []); })();
(function() {
/** CONFIGURATION START **/
var _sf_async_config = window._sf_async_config = (window._sf_async_config || {});
_sf_async_config.uid = 16698;
_sf_async_config.domain = 'nytimes.com';
_sf_async_config.flickerControl = false;
_sf_async_config.useCanonical = true;
_sf_async_config.ignoreQueryParamsEHT = true;
window._cbm = (window._cbm || []);
window._cbm.push(['readyForTesting', false]);
_sf_async_config.moduleAttribute = 'data-cb-abtest';
/** CONFIGURATION END **/
})();
Skip to contentSkip to site indexU.S. Today’s Paper#masthead-section-label, #masthead-bar-one { display: none }Pope SuccessionThe LatestPhotosWho Is Pope Leo XIV?Path to PapacyA Global Route to the TopAdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTYou have a preview view of this article while we are checking your access. When we have confirmed access, the full article content will load.Supported bySKIP ADVERTISEMENTPope’s Family History Offers a Glimpse Into the American Creole JourneyThe revelation that Leo XIV has roots among New Orleans Creoles has stirred curiosity and joy about the first pope from the United States.Listen to this article · 9:12 min Learn moreShare full articleMark Charles Roudané’s great-great-grandfather was a prominent Black physician in New Orleans.Credit...Jenn Ackerman for The New York TimesBy Campbell RobertsonMay 11, 2025Updated 1:10 p.m. ETAfter his father died, Mark Charles Roudané, a retired Minnesota schoolteacher, began going through his dad’s papers. There were scores of binders, the records of a life as a prosperous, white, Presbyterian businessman in the Midwest.All of the files were labeled — except one. When Mr. Roudané, 55 years old at the time, opened the unmarked folder, he found an old photograph of a Black man named Dr. Louis Charles Roudanez.Dr. Roudanez, a wealthy physician in New Orleans who co-founded two of the earliest Black-owned newspapers in the United States, was Mr. Roudané’s great-great-grandfather.“In an instant, my identity shifted.”The news that Robert Francis Prevost, the Chicago-born cardinal who became Pope Leo XIV, had family roots among New Orleans Creoles has enthralled few people as intensely as those who share his heritage. While members of the pope’s immediate family identified as white, various records from New Orleans from just a generation earlier describe his maternal grandparents as “mulatto” or Black. Such a story is a curiosity for many who are unfamiliar with Creole culture. But for those with Creole roots, there is something immediately familiar about it.“Anyone who looks at me outside of New Orleans sees my street race, which is white,” said Mr. Roudané, now 73, using “street race” to describe the perception of a person’s heritage that people draw from a quick glance. “Anyone who looks at me in New Orleans looks at me and goes, ‘OK, I see where you’re coming from.’”ImagePhotos of Mr. Roudané’s ancestors hang on the wall at his home in St. Paul, Minn.Credit...Jenn Ackerman for The New York TimesImageA bookshelf at his home.Credit...Jenn Ackerman for The New York TimesWe are having trouble retrieving the article content.Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and log into your Times account, or subscribe for all of The Times.Thank you for your patience while we verify access.Already a subscriber? Log in.Want all of The Times? Subscribe.AdvertisementSKIP ADVERTISEMENTSite IndexSite Information Navigation© 2025 The New York Times CompanyNYTCoContact UsAccessibilityWork with usAdvertiseT Brand StudioYour Ad ChoicesPrivacy PolicyTerms of ServiceTerms of SaleSite MapCanadaInternationalHelpSubscriptionsManage Privacy Preferences
window.__preloadedData = {"initialData":{"data":{"article":{"__typename":"Article","adTargetingParams":[{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"prop","value":"nyt"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"typ_materials","value":"#news#"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"section","value":"us"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"si_section","value":"us"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"trend","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"gscat","value":"gs_t"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"slug","value":"diaspora"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"abs","value":"51006965,51005641,51006822,51006821,51006813,51006033,51004094,51005445,51002607,51002721,51008002,51006636,51007049,51004276,51004240,51007071,51001538,51004619,51000147,51005021,51002555"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"spon","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"gui","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"mt","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"als_test","value":"1746987165920"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"template","value":"article"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"per","value":"leoxiv,shaikfatima,herrimangeorge18801944"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"org","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"coll","value":"usnews"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"bsc","value":"84122001,74031054,84052001,74042120,74101166,87012038,84051001,74041059,84211001,84062001,84212004,74071142,74071140,84121001,84061001,74041097,84182006,84182005,84181001"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"is_viral_on_social","value":"false"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"ledemedsz","value":"none"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"plat","value":"web"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"edn","value":"us"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"brandsensitive","value":"false"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"geo","value":"louisiana,neworleansla"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"auth","value":"campbellrobertson"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"artlen","value":"long"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"typ","value":"art"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"is_viral","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"des","value":"blackpeople,popes,raceandethnicity"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"col","value":""},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"id","value":"100000010161719"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"tt","value":"40,53"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"at","value":"219,34,49,217,137"},{"__typename":"AdTargetingParam","key":"pt","value":"nt1,nt12,nt17,nt19,nt2,nt20,nt5,nt7,nt8,pt13,pt15,pt6,pt9"}],"addendums":[],"advertisingProperties":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkAdvertisingProperties","sensitivity":"SHOW_ADS"},"archiveProperties":{"__typename":"ArticleArchiveProperties","lede":"","thumbnails":[],"timesMachineUrl":""},"associatedAssets":[{"__typename":"AssociatedArticleAssetBlock","asset":{"__typename":"Capsule","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fcapsule\u002F4f19eef9-1e12-587a-922f-a6a9bb9d5c70"},"assetName":"email-signup-race-related","parentTest":"","region":"MAIN_CONTENT_1","ruleName":"maps-race-related-email-signup","testName":""}],"associatedNewsletter":null,"bylines":[{"__typename":"Byline","creatorSnapshots":[{"__typename":"PersonSnapshot","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fperson\u002F95d87f52-6beb-5749-b86a-10ffdaec35cb"}],"creators":[{"__typename":"Person","bioUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fby\u002Fcampbell-robertson","contactDetails":{"__typename":"ContactDetails","socialMedia":[{"__typename":"ContactDetailsSocialMedia","account":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fby\u002Fcampbell-robertson","type":"url"},{"__typename":"ContactDetailsSocialMedia","account":"campbellnyt","type":"twitter"}]},"displayName":"Campbell Robertson","id":"UGVyc29uOm55dDovL3BlcnNvbi85NWQ4N2Y1Mi02YmViLTU3NDktYjg2YS0xMGZmZGFlYzM1Y2I=","legacyData":{"__typename":"PersonLegacyData","htmlShortBiography":"\u003Cp\u003ECampbell Robertson reports for The Times on Delaware, the District of Columbia, Kentucky, Maryland, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E"},"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fby\u002Fcampbell-robertson"}],"renderedRepresentation":"By Campbell Robertson"}],"collections":[{"__typename":"LegacyCollection","active":true,"collectionType":"SECTION","firstPublished":"2015-12-09T18:50:13.000Z","header":"","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":""},"id":"TGVnYWN5Q29sbGVjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9sZWdhY3ljb2xsZWN0aW9uLzExZjcyYWI0LTdjZDAtNTQwYS05M2NjLWYzNWIzMmNkMDEzZA==","lastModified":"2025-04-21T18:00:30.294Z","mobileHeader":"","name":"U.S. News","promotionalImage":null,"slug":"us","tagline":"","type":"legacycollection","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Flegacycollection\u002F11f72ab4-7cd0-540a-93cc-f35b32cd013d","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fsection\u002Fus"}],"column":null,"commentProperties":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkCommentProperties","approvedCommentsCount":null,"prompt":"","status":"NO_COMMENTS"},"compatibility":{"__typename":"CompatibilityFeatures","hasInlineEmbeddedInteractives":false,"hasOakConversionError":false,"hasVideo":false,"isArtReview":false,"isBookReview":false,"isDiningReview":false,"isMovieReview":false,"isOak":true,"isTheaterReview":false},"curatedAssetComments":null,"desk":"National","dfpTaxonomyException":null,"displayProperties":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkDisplayProperties","fullBleedDisplayStyle":"","serveAsNyt4":false},"episodeProperties":{"__typename":"ArticleEpisodeProperties","episodeLabel":"","links":[],"linksLeadIn":""},"eventId":"pubp:\u002F\u002Fevent\u002Fd2c0e9470ef747de88d444518dcd2a7d","featuredAudio":{"__typename":"FeaturedAudio","asset":{"__typename":"Audio","audioContentType":"SYNTHETIC_NARRATION","fileUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.nytimes.com\u002Fnarrated-articles\u002Fsynthetic\u002Farticle-eb8e2ddb-d1d6-543d-9114-68dff22bbb80\u002Fjob-1746983464211\u002Farticle-eb8e2ddb-d1d6-543d-9114-68dff22bbb80-job-1746983464211.mp3","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":"Synthetic Narration for Pope’s Family History Offers a Glimpse Into the American Creole Journey"},"id":"QXVkaW86bnl0Oi8vYXVkaW8vMzJiYTM3MjAtMTM4Mi01YzdjLWE4N2EtMjNjN2VlYmJkNmYy","length":552,"sourceId":"100000010162529","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Faudio\u002F32ba3720-1382-5c7c-a87a-23c7eebbd6f2"},"source":"DERIVED"},"firstPublished":"2025-05-11T16:23:45.000Z","headline":{"__typename":"CreativeWorkHeadline","default":"Pope’s Family History Offers a Glimpse Into the American Creole Journey","seo":""},"id":"QXJ0aWNsZTpueXQ6Ly9hcnRpY2xlL2ViOGUyZGRiLWQxZDYtNTQzZC05MTE0LTY4ZGZmMjJiYmI4MA==","kicker":"","language":{"__typename":"Language","code":"en","name":"English"},"lastMajorModification":"2025-05-11T17:10:44.622Z","lastModified":"2025-05-11T17:10:44.622Z","legacy":{"__typename":"ArticleLegacyData","htmlExtendedAuthorOrArticleInformation":"","htmlInfoBox":"","reviewInformation":""},"newsStatus":"DEFAULT","originalDesk":"National","printInformation":{"__typename":"PrintInformation","edition":"The New York Times on the Web","headline":"","page":"","publicationDate":null,"section":""},"promotionalImage":{"__typename":"PromotionalImage","image":{"__typename":"Image","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","text":"Mark Charles Roudané’s great-great-grandfather was a prominent Black physician in New Orleans."},"credit":"Jenn Ackerman for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"MEDIUM_SQUARE","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":640,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-square640.jpg","width":640}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"THREE_BY_TWO","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":4109,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-threeByTwoLargeAt2X.jpg","width":6160}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvOWE3OTU1YTgtYmJjNC01M2FjLWFkOTEtNDRiYzdlMmM3NDRk"},"socialMediaRendition":{"__typename":"SignableImageRendition","parentPublishDate":"2025-05-11T16:23:45.000Z","parentPublishYear":2025,"rendition":{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":550,"name":"facebookJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-facebookJumbo.jpg","width":1050},"signature":{"__typename":"ImageSignature","keyId":"ZQJBKqZ0VN","value":"79a26b8bb93a8992f12d1293d03265d217a680a3e9883ee2120ce08aa1254394"}},"twitterRendition":{"__typename":"SignableImageRendition","parentPublishDate":"2025-05-11T16:23:45.000Z","parentPublishYear":2025,"rendition":{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1689,"name":"videoSixteenByNine3000","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-videoSixteenByNine3000.jpg","width":3000},"signature":{"__typename":"ImageSignature","keyId":"ZQJBKqZ0VN","value":"a28183977ce83e994ee5669587434756a5ea26a0a96237b897fbd39f5807730c"}}},"promotionalMedia":{"__typename":"Image","assetCrops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"MASTER","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1366,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"SMALL_SQUARE","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":75,"name":"thumbStandard","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-thumbStandard.jpg","width":75},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"MEDIUM_SQUARE","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1801,"name":"mediumSquareAt3X","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-mediumSquareAt3X.jpg","width":1800}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"SIXTEEN_BY_NINE","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1689,"name":"videoSixteenByNine3000","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-videoSixteenByNine3000.jpg","width":3000},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":901,"name":"videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-videoSixteenByNineJumbo1600.jpg","width":1600}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"FACEBOOK","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":550,"name":"facebookJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-facebookJumbo.jpg","width":1050}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","name":"GOOGLE_4_BY_3","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":600,"name":"googleFourByThree","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-googleFourByThree.jpg","width":800}]}],"caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","text":"Mark Charles Roudané’s great-great-grandfather was a prominent Black physician in New Orleans."},"credit":"Jenn Ackerman for The New York Times","id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvOWE3OTU1YTgtYmJjNC01M2FjLWFkOTEtNDRiYzdlMmM3NDRk"},"requestToCommentEnabled":true,"reviewItems":[],"reviewSummary":"","rights":{"__typename":"Rights","category":"U"},"section":{"__typename":"Section","displayName":"U.S.","id":"U2VjdGlvbjpueXQ6Ly9zZWN0aW9uL2EzNGQzZDZjLWM3N2YtNTkzMS1iOTUxLTI0MWI0ZTI4NjgxYw==","name":"us","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fsection\u002Fa34d3d6c-c77f-5931-b951-241b4e28681c","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fsection\u002Fus"},"slug":"11nat-creole-diaspora","source":{"__typename":"Organization","displayName":"New York Times","id":"T3JnYW5pemF0aW9uOm55dDovL29yZ2FuaXphdGlvbi9jMjc5MTM4OC02YjE2LTVmZmQtYTExOS05NmVhY2IxOTg5YzE="},"sourceId":"100000010161719","sourcePublisher":"scoop","sprinkled":{"__typename":"SprinkledContent","configs":[{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"mobile","stride":4,"threshold":3},{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"desktop","stride":7,"threshold":3},{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"mobileHoldout","stride":4,"threshold":2},{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"desktopHoldout","stride":5,"threshold":3},{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"hybrid","stride":4,"threshold":3},{"__typename":"SprinkledConfig","name":"hybridHoldout","stride":4,"threshold":3}]},"sprinkledBody":{"__typename":"DocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"HeaderBasicBlock","byline":{"__typename":"BylineBlock","bylines":[{"__typename":"Byline","creators":[{"__typename":"Person","bioUrl":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fby\u002Fcampbell-robertson","displayName":"Campbell Robertson","id":"UGVyc29uOm55dDovL3BlcnNvbi85NWQ4N2Y1Mi02YmViLTU3NDktYjg2YS0xMGZmZGFlYzM1Y2I=","promotionalMedia":{"__typename":"Image","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F03\u002F26\u002Freader-center\u002Fauthor-campbell-robertson\u002Fauthor-campbell-robertson-thumbLarge.png"}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvNTZkMDA5YmUtZjlhZC01ZTFkLWEwZjktM2E0YjkwMDY2ZmRm"}}],"prefix":"By","renderedRepresentation":"By Campbell Robertson"}],"hideHeadshots":false,"role":[],"textAlign":"LEFT"},"headline":{"__typename":"Heading1Block","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Pope’s Family History Offers a Glimpse Into the American Creole Journey"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},"label":null,"ledeMedia":{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"Mark Charles Roudané, in brown pants, a white T-shirt and black blazer, stands in front of a black gate among trees and plants. ","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mark Charles Roudané’s great-great-grandfather was a prominent Black physician in New Orleans."}]}],"text":"Mark Charles Roudané’s great-great-grandfather was a prominent Black physician in New Orleans."},"credit":"Jenn Ackerman for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":434,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":683,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1366,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":127,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1801,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvOWE3OTU1YTgtYmJjNC01M2FjLWFkOTEtNDRiYzdlMmM3NDRk","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"Mark Charles Roudané’s great-great-grandfather was a prominent Black physician in New Orleans.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002F9a7955a8-bbc4-53ac-ad91-44bc7e2c744d","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-lead-qcfm.html"},"size":"LARGE"},"summary":{"__typename":"SummaryBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The revelation that Leo XIV has roots among New Orleans Creoles has stirred curiosity and joy about the first pope from the United States."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},"timestampBlock":{"__typename":"TimestampBlock","align":"LEFT","showUpdatedTimestamp":null,"timestamp":"2025-05-11T16:23:45.000Z"}},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"After his father died, Mark Charles Roudané, a retired Minnesota schoolteacher, began going through his dad’s papers. There were scores of binders, the records of a life as a prosperous, white, Presbyterian businessman in the Midwest."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":0},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"All of the files were labeled — except one. When Mr. Roudané, 55 years old at the time, opened the unmarked folder, he found "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002F64parishes.org\u002Fentry\u002Flouis-charles-roudanez"}],"text":"an old photograph of a Black man"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" named Dr. Louis Charles Roudanez."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":1},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Dr. Roudanez, a wealthy physician in New Orleans who co-founded two of the earliest Black-owned newspapers in the United States, was Mr. Roudané’s great-great-grandfather."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":2},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“In an instant, my identity shifted.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The news that Robert Francis Prevost, the Chicago-born cardinal who became Pope Leo XIV, had family roots among New Orleans Creoles has enthralled few people as intensely as those who share his heritage. While members of the pope’s immediate family identified as white, various records from New Orleans from just a generation earlier describe his maternal grandparents as “mulatto” or Black. Such a story is a curiosity for many who are unfamiliar with Creole culture. But for those with Creole roots, there is something immediately familiar about it."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":3},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“Anyone who looks at me outside of New Orleans sees my street race, which is white,” said Mr. Roudané, now 73, using “street race” to describe the perception of a person’s heritage that people draw from a quick glance. “Anyone who looks at me in New Orleans looks at me and goes, ‘OK, I see where you’re coming from.’”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":4},{"__typename":"DiptychBlock","imageOne":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Photos of Mr. Roudané’s ancestors hang on the wall at his home in St. Paul, Minn."}]}],"text":"Photos of Mr. Roudané’s ancestors hang on the wall at his home in St. Paul, Minn."},"credit":"Jenn Ackerman for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":900,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":500,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb-popup.jpg","width":334},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1024,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb-jumbo.jpg","width":683},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":2048,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb-superJumbo.jpg","width":1366}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":2699,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvY2VmY2IxZjQtNGZhYy01NzIwLTllYjUtYTc1NmUzMGJmMzNk","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"Photos of Mr. Roudané’s ancestors hang on the wall at his home in St. Paul, Minn.","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002Fcefcb1f4-4fac-5720-9eb5-a756e30bf33d","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-glfb.html"},"imageTwo":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"A bookshelf at his home."}]}],"text":"A bookshelf at his home."},"credit":"Jenn Ackerman for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":900,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":500,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj-popup.jpg","width":334},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1024,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj-jumbo.jpg","width":683},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":2048,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj-superJumbo.jpg","width":1366}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":2699,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvNzkwZTExMWQtMmRlMC01YTdhLTlmZGYtMmYxNDJkNmFiY2Uy","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"A bookshelf at his home.","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002F790e111d-2de0-5a7a-9fdf-2f142d6abce2","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-cvwj.html"},"mobileColumns":"DOUBLE","size":"LARGE"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":5},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“Creole” and its more specific variant, “Louisiana Creole,” is a complicated term. It was historically used to describe any child born in the New World colonies to European parents, and at times, to anyone of mixed race. In modern-day Louisiana, it’s most commonly used to describe people of mixed European, African and Native heritage, and the culture they share. Louisiana Creoles are usually Catholic, often but not always with French or Spanish last names. And many are light-skinned; some are fair enough to be perceived as “only” white."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":6},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The roots of Creole New Orleans run into the 18th and 19th centuries, when the city was a French and Spanish colony, then a French Catholic-suffused city within the United States. It was populated by Europeans, early Americans, Afro-Caribbeans and Africans, people enslaved and free, forming a distinct society that, while hardly racially equitable, was decidedly more tolerant of racial mixing than the British colonies or the young republic."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":7},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Anglo-America, which historically tended to see race as a simple binary fact — there were Black people and white people — did not entirely know what to make of Creole culture in New Orleans, said Faustina DuCros, a professor at San Jose State University who studies the Creole experience. The city’s complex racial identities presented a logistical problem for the aims of Jim Crow, which in the early and middle decades of the 20th century sought to ensure that races were strictly defined and kept separate. Despite "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nola.com\u002Fnews\u002Fpolitics\u002Fmany-feared-naomi-drake-and-powerful-racial-whim\u002Farticle_5f54a83c-6981-518e-8396-5ba24a07fc60.html"}],"text":"scrupulous efforts by white authorities to police the boundaries of color"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", some people of Creole background in New Orleans had access to opportunities that were meant to be reserved exclusively for white people."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":8},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Fatima Shaik, 72, who lives in New York City and grew up in the Seventh Ward, the heart of Creole New Orleans, recalled stories that her father would tell about a fair-skinned cousin who went to work at a bank during the day, a job that was supposed to be off limits to Black people, and then return home to her Black family in the evening."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":9},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“Nobody at the bank would even think to ask her,” she said. “Or there might have been some nice white people who were playing the same game we were.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":10},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Still, said Ms. Shaik, who has written about "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.upress.virginia.edu\u002Ftitle\u002F5788\u002F"}],"text":"the city’s hidden racial histories"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", some who chose to lead white lives decided they had to write off their Black connections altogether, for their own protection."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":11},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"Fatima Shaik, in a grayish blue jacket, stands outside near a tree. ","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Fatima Shaik, who grew up in the heart of Creole New Orleans, has written about the city’s hidden racial histories."}]}],"text":"Fatima Shaik, who grew up in the heart of Creole New Orleans, has written about the city’s hidden racial histories."},"credit":"Ashley Gilbertson for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":433,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":683,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1365,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":127,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1800,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvYWY3MzlmM2YtM2YwYS01M2E2LWI4OTktYjI0ZTYzY2IzMjBl","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"Fatima Shaik, who grew up in the heart of Creole New Orleans, has written about the city’s hidden racial histories.","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002Faf739f3f-3f0a-53a6-b899-b24e63cb320e","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002F10nat-creole-diaspora-zgcw.html"},"size":"LARGE"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":12},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“The strict ones, the ones that really wanted to be white, did not then write home to their grandmother or their father, or they dropped their sisters and brothers like a hot potato,” she said."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":13},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"As the vise of Jim Crow tightened and the industrial economy promised jobs elsewhere, many Creoles in New Orleans joined millions of other Black people in leaving the South in the Great Migration. People from New Orleans moved north to Chicago, or west to Los Angeles, where Louisiana transplants built up a vibrant neighborhood of Creole restaurants and Creole-majority Catholic churches."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":14},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The people they met in these places often had little familiarity with the prism that shaped Creole identity — and defied the ways in which most Americans had been taught to think about race over the country’s first two centuries. Newcomers in California or Illinois were in many cases thrust into the existing categories. Some identified as Black, finding a place in that broad spectrum of complexions. Out West, some were assumed to be Latino, particularly those with Spanish Creole names. But adopting the available identities could be a challenge."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":15},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“They would try, many of them, to say, ‘I’m Black,’” said Andrew Jolivétte, 49, a sociology professor at the University of California, Santa Barbara, whose family moved to Northern California from Louisiana in 1960. “And they were like, ‘No, you’re not. I don’t know what you are, but you’re more white than you are Black.’ When they would hear that, they didn’t know what they were.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":16},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"A hand points at images that are pinned to a board. The images include black-and-white photos, one of a man, and one of a woman. ","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Ms. Shaik points out images of her father and mother. "}]}],"text":"Ms. Shaik points out images of her father and mother. "},"credit":"Ashley Gilbertson for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":400,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fmultimedia\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":433,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fmultimedia\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf-popup.jpg","width":650},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":683,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fmultimedia\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf-jumbo.jpg","width":1024},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1365,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fmultimedia\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf-superJumbo.jpg","width":2048}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fmultimedia\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":127,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fmultimedia\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1200,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fmultimedia\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvYzc0ZTEwNjktZDBhMS01MzRkLTlkNGMtYmI4Yjc4NzFmODUx","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"Ms. Shaik points out images of her father and mother. ","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002Fc74e1069-d0a1-534d-9d4c-bb8b7871f851","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002F11nat-creole-shaik-vtcf.html"},"size":"LARGE"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":17},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Some discovered that various members of their own family were deemed by those around them to have all come from different backgrounds."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":18},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“In the 1970s, when busing began in the schools, the teachers were tasked with categorizing the students in their classrooms,” said Wendy Gaudin, 54, referring to the effort in some cities to desegregate public schools. Her Creole grandparents left New Orleans for California. As an adult, Ms. Gaudin returned and now teaches in New Orleans at Xavier University, the only Catholic school among the nation’s historically Black colleges and universities. “I was categorized as a Native American, and my sister Roslyn was categorized as Caucasian, and my sister Leslie was categorized as a Pacific Islander.”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":19},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Professor Gaudin, who has "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Flsupress.org\u002F9780807183656\u002Fsunset-limited\u002F"}],"text":"written a book"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" about identity in the Creole diaspora, described how this racial ambiguity could help Creoles when they confronted obstacles in a place that was not quite the promised land that they had hoped. When her grandparents found property in Los Angeles to build a home, they discovered that the neighborhood had a racial covenant excluding Black people. Her grandmother, who was “very, very fair skinned,” she said, went to the bank, paid the deposit and signed the papers. Then her grandfather, who was darker-skinned, built a house and they moved in."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":20},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“And nothing could be said, because the land was already theirs,” she said."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"There were some who chose to live in their new hometowns as white people, or who simply lived that way because no one ever asked. This did not always involve explicitly creating a new identity; often, it involved simply moving away and keeping quiet."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":21},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"One of those whose Louisiana Creole roots were unknown, at least to most around them, was "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2017\u002F01\u002F12\u002Fbooks\u002Freview\u002Fkrazy-george-herriman-biography-michael-tisserand.html"}],"text":"George Herriman"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", who created the famed comic strip “Krazy Kat,” and who was assumed to be Greek by some of his associates. The Louisiana Creole heritage of Anatole Broyard, the "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F1993\u002F10\u002F31\u002Fbooks\u002Fbohemian-rhapsody.html"}],"text":"influential New York writer"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" and literary critic "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","title":"","uri":null,"url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F1990\u002F10\u002F12\u002Fobituaries\u002Fanatole-broyard-70-book-critic-and-editor-at-the-times-is-dead.html"}],"text":"who wrote book reviews for The Times"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":", was not publicly known until years after his death."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":true,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":true,"bad":false,"index":22},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In 1946, Mr. Roudané’s grandmother filed to have the family surname officially changed — likely dropping the ‘z’ because it might tip the authorities off to his Creole heritage — and shortly after, her son was admitted to Tulane University, which at the time was all white. A few years after graduating, he moved to the Midwest and lived the rest of his life as a white man."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":true,"adsHybrid":true,"adsMobile":true,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":23},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"When Mr. Roudané told people about his discovery, many did not know what to make of it."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“People were so confused,” he said “‘Well, are you Black? Are you white?’”"}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":24},{"__typename":"ImageBlock","media":{"__typename":"Image","altText":"Mr. Roudané stands near a a bookshelf and wall containing two framed prints. ","caption":{"__typename":"TextOnlyDocumentBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Mr. Roudané says many people who aren’t familiar with Creole culture are sometimes puzzled about that heritage. "}]}],"text":"Mr. Roudané says many people who aren’t familiar with Creole culture are sometimes puzzled about that heritage. "},"credit":"Jenn Ackerman for The New York Times","crops":[{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":900,"name":"articleLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg-articleLarge.jpg","width":600},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":500,"name":"popup","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg-popup.jpg","width":334},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1024,"name":"jumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg-jumbo.jpg","width":683},{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":2048,"name":"superJumbo","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg-superJumbo.jpg","width":1366}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":150,"name":"thumbLarge","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg-thumbLarge.jpg","width":150}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":285,"name":"articleInline","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg-articleInline.jpg","width":190}]},{"__typename":"ImageCrop","renditions":[{"__typename":"ImageRendition","height":1801,"name":"mobileMasterAt3x","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\u002Fimages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg","width":1800}]}],"id":"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvMWI4NWEzOTQtNjA0Mi01MTA4LThmZTQtMTU5YzRkMGJjNjNm","imageType":"photo","legacyHtmlCaption":"Mr. Roudané says many people who aren’t familiar with Creole culture are sometimes puzzled about that heritage. ","timesTags":[],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fimage\u002F1b85a394-6042-5108-8fe4-159c4d0bc63f","url":"\u002Fimagepages\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fmultimedia\u002Fnat-creole-diaspora-roudane-vqzg.html"},"size":"LARGE"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":true,"index":25},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"But when he would travel to New Orleans, having become an avid student of the city’s Creole history, he said, he met people who understood instantly. He has seen that same split in the conversations around the new pope: puzzlement for many, but among his friends in the Creole community, a joyful recognition."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"},{"__typename":"Dropzone","adsDesktop":false,"adsDesktopHoldout":false,"adsHybrid":false,"adsMobile":false,"adsMobileHoldout":false,"bad":false,"index":26},{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"“All I can say is, New Orleans is a whole different take, a whole different universe when it comes to understanding what race is about,” he said."}],"textAlign":"LEFT"}]},"storyFormat":"Article","storylines":[{"__typename":"AssociatedStoryline","ruleName":"styln-pope-francis","storyline":{"__typename":"Storyline","context":null,"displayName":"Pope Succession","experimentalJsonBlob":"{\"data\":[{\"version\":1,\"type\":\"experimentalJsonBlob\",\"data\":[]}]}","guide":{"__typename":"StorylineGuide","displayName":"More on Pope Leo XIV","leadIn":null,"sections":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideSection","items":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideItem","content":{"__typename":"ListBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Echoing Francis in First Mass: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"In Pope Leo XIV’s advocacy of the poor, migrants and a more open church, many people see the new pope as a "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F233f6e84-5a5c-53da-a2cf-a7f560976d5e","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F09\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fpope-leo-mass-catholic-church.html"}],"text":"continuation of his predecessor"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Seeing the First American Pope as Hardly American:"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" Catholics around the world were skeptical at first about an American pope. But the pope’s"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F497ab20d-e645-5fe0-83ff-5ff9a91229ad","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fworld\u002Famericas\u002Fpope-leo-american-popular-world-reaction.html"}],"text":" multicultural and multilingual identity has put them at ease"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Creole Roots in New Orleans: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"The selection of Robert Francis Prevost as the first pope from the United States, and the subsequent revelation of his Creole roots, have "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F781381d9-fe6b-52e2-ae0f-3e8c5f3581ac","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F09\u002Fus\u002Fpope-creole-roots-new-orleans.html"}],"text":"brought historical realities to the fore"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":". Historical records "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fa3cdd722-90dc-5897-bdee-4a8d76014cfd","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F10\u002Fus\u002Fpope-creole-new-orleans-records.html"}],"text":"trace the story of the pope’s mother’s family"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" and their diverse background before moving to Chicago."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Locals in Chiclayo Cheer the ‘Peruvian Pope’: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"From delivering help to flood-ravaged regions to singing Christmas songs to blessing babies, the pope tried to be a "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F1307b003-062b-58b1-80f1-b1bc5e3539c0","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F09\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fpope-peru-reaction.html"}],"text":"cleric of the people in Peru"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Chicago Pope Spurs Memes: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"Chicago, a uniquely meme-able city, was the center of a ton of jokes. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fbef8057f-02ec-5d04-aede-08b83e1d57a0","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F09\u002Fus\u002Fchicago-pope-social-media-memes.html"}],"text":"Here is some of the internet’s best work"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"The Pope’s Childhood Home"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":":"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" After Cardinal Robert Francis Prevost was selected to become the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fde3acffc-ad5c-5686-89d4-e73e2eb4b5db","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F09\u002Frealestate\u002Fpope-leo-xiv-home-chicago-sale.html"}],"text":"offers began flooding in"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" to buy this modest house outside Chicago, the real estate broker said."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Some in MAGA Movement See an Antagonist: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"While President Trump welcomed the U.S.-born cardinal as the new pope, "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F5082dcd6-1471-56a0-9480-511223349c9e","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F09\u002Fus\u002Fpope-leo-maga-donald-trump-steve-bannon.html"}],"text":"top Trump allies criticized the pope"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" for his similarities to Pope Francis."}]}]}]}}]}]},"hubAssets":[],"primaryAssets":[{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fe05e10e3-bf6d-5b29-9e92-5e32352f99e8","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fpope-leo-xiv-address-peace.html"},"displayName":"The Latest","status":null},{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Ff8736f72-7c3b-5e94-8783-1c9babf947a9","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F08\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fnew-pope-crowds-celebrate-balcony.html"},"displayName":"Photos","status":null},{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F56f17fa2-9b8e-5d8a-acb2-c3a773be6fb3","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F08\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fwho-is-robert-francis-prevost-pope-leo-xiv.html"},"displayName":"Who Is Pope Leo XIV?","status":null},{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F291fa5d0-a71b-5f9e-98f1-fbe8fbc32617","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F08\u002Fworld\u002Fpope-leo-xiv-timeline.html"},"displayName":"Path to Papacy","status":null},{"__typename":"StorylinePrimaryAsset","asset":{"__typename":"Article","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fe22667a9-fe40-5610-bd63-494d80bbbfe5","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F08\u002Fworld\u002Feurope\u002Fpope-leo-xiv-robert-francis-prevost.html"},"displayName":"A Global Route to the Top","status":null}],"promotedLiveAssets":[],"tone":"NEWS","topLinks":null,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fstoryline\u002F77f5a4a0-5733-44a7-9866-d28c81957920","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fstoryline\u002F77f5a4a0-5733-44a7-9866-d28c81957920"},"testName":""},{"__typename":"AssociatedStoryline","ruleName":"styln-national-general","storyline":{"__typename":"Storyline","context":null,"displayName":"Best of National","experimentalJsonBlob":"{\"data\":[{\"version\":1,\"type\":\"experimentalJsonBlob\",\"data\":[]}]}","guide":{"__typename":"StorylineGuide","displayName":"Across the U.S. With The Times","leadIn":"Our reporters are exploring how America defines itself.","sections":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideSection","items":[{"__typename":"StorylineGuideItem","content":{"__typename":"ListBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"North Carolina Supreme Court Race:"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" The Republican challenger has embarked on an extraordinary effort to reverse his election loss that critics say is testing the boundaries of post-election litigation. "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F313ef060-e65b-58a7-be3a-9f42f609e154","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F04\u002F22\u002Fus\u002Fnorth-carolina-supreme-court-race-explainer.html"}],"text":"Here’s what to know"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Starbase, Texas:"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" It has been a rough patch for Elon Musk, but he is about to realize a dream for SpaceX, its employees and for himself: "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F3b2a71fb-5669-5a81-b82c-6a2646cfb067","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F04\u002F23\u002Fus\u002Felon-musk-town-starbase-texas.html"}],"text":"His own town on the southern tip of Texas"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"The Rigging of the Texas Lottery:"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" Texas lottery executives blessed a scheme that ensured one player would win a $95 million jackpot in 2023. The caper has underscored a sense that "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F4c1ec9cb-ab91-5dca-b5f2-54b6c1bdf4b6","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F04\u002F20\u002Fus\u002Frigged-texas-lottery.html"}],"text":"almost nothing is on the level"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":"."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"Catalyzing the Catholic Right:"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" Pope Francis "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002F48312002-9f6e-5b44-8818-49794a494e53","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F04\u002F21\u002Fus\u002Fpope-francis-catholic-conservatives.html"}],"text":"galvanized a traditionalist stream"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" that had always existed in the American church, and that strengthened throughout his papacy as a tide of resistance rose in the American church hierarchy, in Washington and in the pews."}]}]},{"__typename":"ListItemBlock","content":[{"__typename":"ParagraphBlock","content":[{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"BoldFormat"}],"text":"North Dakota Libraries:"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" State lawmakers narrowly "},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[{"__typename":"LinkFormat","uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Fcfc456e6-f3fe-5db3-9034-e446d83a0bad","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F04\u002F14\u002Fus\u002Fnorth-dakota-books-obscene.html"}],"text":"passed a bill that would require most libraries"},{"__typename":"TextInline","formats":[],"text":" to keep material deemed explicit in areas difficult for minors to access. Librarians who don’t comply could face prosecution."}]}]}]}}]}]},"hubAssets":[],"primaryAssets":[],"promotedLiveAssets":[],"tone":"NEWS","topLinks":null,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fstoryline\u002F05a4fa2d-a5a9-4322-9f9f-1154a38a0ed3","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002Fstoryline\u002F05a4fa2d-a5a9-4322-9f9f-1154a38a0ed3"},"testName":""}],"subsection":null,"summary":"The revelation that Leo XIV has roots among New Orleans Creoles has stirred curiosity and joy about the first pope from the United States.","timesTags":[{"__typename":"Subject","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Black People","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fsubject\u002F2a011b0f-d1aa-552f-8cae-be4105a5be6c","vernacular":"Black People;African American;African-American"},{"__typename":"Subject","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Popes","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fsubject\u002F6d662037-84ee-53e3-9191-814bf407eba7","vernacular":"Pope"},{"__typename":"Subject","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Race and Ethnicity","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fsubject\u002F4efbd0a0-f3de-5920-b0cf-29ed375cc9d4","vernacular":"Race and Ethnicity"},{"__typename":"Person","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Leo XIV","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fperson\u002F10756302-70ea-5923-be9e-d133ffd1a926","vernacular":"Leo XIV"},{"__typename":"Person","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Shaik, Fatima","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fperson\u002Fb05dbe76-7b67-50f4-af35-100cb560d6d1","vernacular":"Fatima Shaik"},{"__typename":"Person","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Herriman, George (1880-1944)","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Fperson\u002F50d636d0-b77c-5602-8d60-070f756abf4f","vernacular":"George Herriman"},{"__typename":"Location","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"Louisiana","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Flocation\u002F0fa7261e-7468-5bcc-bc8a-4ddc20b83c8d","vernacular":"Louisiana"},{"__typename":"Location","associatedLegacyCollections":[],"displayName":"New Orleans (La)","isAdvertisingBrandSensitive":false,"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Flocation\u002Fc5e74160-2ca3-588a-bea9-92e7d1f6c5a8","vernacular":"New Orleans"}],"tone":"NEWS","translations":[],"type":"article","typeOfMaterials":["News"],"uri":"nyt:\u002F\u002Farticle\u002Feb8e2ddb-d1d6-543d-9114-68dff22bbb80","url":"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fus\u002Fcreole-identity-history-pope-new-orleans.html","wordCount":1419}}},"initialState":{},"config":{"gqlUrlClient":"https:\u002F\u002Fsamizdat-graphql.nytimes.com\u002Fgraphql\u002Fv2","gqlRequestHeaders":{"nyt-app-type":"project-vi","nyt-app-version":"0.0.5","nyt-token":"MIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIBCgKCAQEAs+\u002FoUCTBmD\u002FcLdmcecrnBMHiU\u002FpxQCn2DDyaPKUOXxi4p0uUSZQzsuq1pJ1m5z1i0YGPd1U1OeGHAChWtqoxC7bFMCXcwnE1oyui9G1uobgpm1GdhtwkR7ta7akVTcsF8zxiXx7DNXIPd2nIJFH83rmkZueKrC4JVaNzjvD+Z03piLn5bHWU6+w+rA+kyJtGgZNTXKyPh6EC6o5N+rknNMG5+CdTq35p8f99WjFawSvYgP9V64kgckbTbtdJ6YhVP58TnuYgr12urtwnIqWP9KSJ1e5vmgf3tunMqWNm6+AnsqNj8mCLdCuc5cEB74CwUeQcP2HQQmbCddBy2y0mEwIDAQAB","x-nyt-internal-meter-override":undefined},"gqlFetchTimeout":1500,"disablePersistedQueries":false,"initialDeviceType":"desktop","fastlyAbraConfig":{".ver":"25009.000","AMS_FrictionCircumventionDesktop_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","AMS_FrictionCircumventionMobile_cwv":"2_low-mid-truncation","DFP_MediaNet_0123":"1_MediaNet","HOME_cwv_chartbeat":"1_Headlines"},"fastlyEntitlements":[],"platform":undefined,"internalPreviewConfig":{"meter":undefined,"swg":undefined},"webviewEnvironment":{"isInWebview":false,"isPreloaded":false},"isOptimisticallyTruncated":true,"optimisticTruncationDropzone":6,"requestPath":"\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fus\u002Fcreole-identity-history-pope-new-orleans.html","isProvisionallyLoggedIn":false,"routeName":"vi-story","serviceWorkerFile":"service-worker-test-1746827238927.js","preloadedServiceWorkerFile":"\u002Fvi-assets\u002Fstatic-assets\u002Fpreloaded-service-worker-39ed4c8ecdf8f50602923fd886bdc936.js"},"ssrQuery":{},"initialLocation":{"pathname":"\u002F2025\u002F05\u002F11\u002Fus\u002Fcreole-identity-history-pope-new-orleans.html","search":""}};
!function(){try{var e="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:{},a=(new Error).stack;a&&(e._sentryDebugIds=e._sentryDebugIds||{},e._sentryDebugIds[a]="f25f7bab-8038-4081-9a83-eecb8ddb4014",e._sentryDebugIdIdentifier="sentry-dbid-f25f7bab-8038-4081-9a83-eecb8ddb4014")}catch(e){}}();var _global="undefined"!=typeof window?window:"undefined"!=typeof global?global:"undefined"!=typeof self?self:{};_global.SENTRY_RELEASE={id:"4421fae4b77f208ebbc2958a1018073ee9689471"},function(e){function a(a){for(var c,n,t=a[0],b=a[1],f=a[2],r=0,l=[];r
Can King Charles Heal a Royal Family Crisis Before It’s Too Late? do sex
California Bus Crash Leaves at Least 1 Dead and 32 Injured do sex
As Cease-Fire Seems to Hold, India and Pakistan Both Claim Victory do sex
Trump Is No Longer the Most Important American do sex
Sudan to cut ties with United Arab Emirates over alleged RSF support do sex
